Biological Macromolecules Flashcards
What are the 4 types of macromolecules
Carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
Organic, and can contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and minor elements
Macromolecules
Hydrogen of one monomer combined with hydroxyl group to release a water molecule
Dehydration synthesis
Single subunits/building blocks
Monomers
Monomers combining to each other to make
Polymers
Polymers break down into monomers in a process called
Hydrolysis
Is dehydration and hydrolysis catalyze or non catalyzed?
Catalyzed
Has a ring structure
Steroids
Four linked carbon rings, short tail and OH functional group
Steroid
Has a similar structure to a carb
Steroid
Precursor of bile salts which helps emulsify fats and subsequent absorption by cells
Cholesterol
Structural, regulatory, contractile or protective. These molecules may serve in transport, storage or membranes and can be enzymes as well
Proteins
Catalysts in reactions and are usually complex or conjugated proteins
Enzymes
They help break down substrates, they help in break down, rearrangement or synthesis reactions. These catalysts also increase the reaction rate and are organic
Enzymes
Chemical signalling molecules(small proteins or steroids) that control or regulate specific physiological processes such as growth, development, metabolism and reproduction
Hormones
Help in food by catabolizing nutrients into monomeric units
Amylase,lipase,pepsin,trypsin
Carry substances in the blood or lymph throughout the body
Hemoglobin and albumin
Construct different structures, like the cytoskeleton
Actin, tubulin and keratin
Coordinate different body systems activity
Insulin and thyroxine
Protect the body from foreign pathogens
Immunoglobulins
Effect muscle contraction
Actin and myosin
Provide nourishment in early embryo development and the seedling
Albumin
The shape is critical to its function, changes to temp, pH and exposure to chemicals can affect this macromolecule
Protein
Monomers that comprise proteins
Amino acids
Has a central carbon and a R-group
Amino acid
How many amino acids are present in a protein
20
The sequence and number of amino acids determine a proteins what
Shape, size and function
The cytochrome is located in the..
Mitochondrion
Proteins have 4 levels of structure known as
Primary, secondary tertiary and quaternary
Has N and C terminus and is specifically peptide bonds
Primary
X-helices + B-sheets and has lots of hydrogen bonding
Secondary
Has a 3D fold, R-groups + backbone also contains h-bonds, vander waals, disfulfude bridges and ion dipole
Tertiary
Like tertiary but composed of multiple sub units
Quantrenary
Flexible, single bonds and can rotate on either side of the bond
Polypeptides
Often reversible, and is when protein loses its shape without the primary sequence
Denaturation
Receives assistance from chaperones and protein helpers, this process is crucial to a proteins function
Protein folding
