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Biology 1507 > Biolab 1: Adaptions to Land by Plants > Flashcards

Biolab 1: Adaptions to Land by Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

alternation of generation

A

basic life cycle alternates between the gametophyte and sporophyte

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2
Q

details of alternation of generation ( how works)

A

gametophyte produces haploid gametes, gametes fuse to give the diploid zygote, which normally develops into the diploid sporophyte, understand diagram

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3
Q

holdfast

A

one of the adaptions of algae to stay in a fixed place by means of an attachment organ

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4
Q

slime

A

algae producce slime to slow down water loss when tide is out

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5
Q

thallus

A

plant like body

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6
Q

isomorphic

A

look the same

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7
Q

rhizoids

A

stemlike structures and leaflike structures

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8
Q

capsule

A

stalked structure, where the spores produced form sexual reproduction are formed

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9
Q

evolutionary trends among vascular plants

A

better conducting system: xylem and phloem evolved to transport water and nutrients
waxy layer: cut down on waterless by waxy layer on epidermis
gametophyte reduction: sporophyte developson the gametophyte, reduction in importants of teh gametophyte stage

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10
Q

club mosses

A

most primitive vascular plants, seedless

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11
Q

strobilus or cone

A

reproductive organ , where spores are produced , spores will shed when they are ripe

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12
Q

horsetails

A

got their name form resemblance to horse tail, found in damp locations

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13
Q

fertile shoot

A

spore ocntaining strobilus arises

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14
Q

vegetative shoot

A

develops from an underground stem

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15
Q

rhizome

A

horizontal stem from which hairlike roots and large leaves project

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16
Q

fronds

A

large leaves

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17
Q

sporangia

A

spore forming sacs

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18
Q

in ferms spores develop in groups called

A

sori

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19
Q

annulus

A

outer covering of the sporangia containing a special ring of cells

20
Q

fern leafd

A

spots are sori, contain clustesr of sporangia, contain haploid spores from which the gametophyte will develop and produce male and female gametes

21
Q

microspore

A

develops into the pollen grain

22
Q

pollen grain

A

immature male gametophyte which repelaces the internal swimming sperm

23
Q

pollination

A

transfer of male gametophyte to the vicinity of the female gametophyte

24
Q

megaspore

A

megasporangium, located within an ovule , produce a megaspore

25
Q

gymnosperms

A

naked seeds, with no fruits

26
Q

angiosperms

A

enclosed seeds with a fruit

27
Q

gymnosperm

A

have seeds instead of spores, gametophyte has beenr educed to a very small strucutre, which remains entirely on the sporophyte

  • needle like leaves
  • sporophyte is dominant , w/ microsporangia and megasporangia located on scales on two types of cones
28
Q

adaption of gymnosperm

A
  • transfer of pollen by wind and growth fo the pollen tube
  • enclosed female gametophyte is protected
  • embryo is protected by the seed and provided w/ nutrients to support
29
Q

importance gymnosperms

A

supply wood for building and paper manufacturing

30
Q

angiosperms

A

flowering plants, dominant land flora, about 350 000 species, they bear seeds and have fruits

31
Q

angiosperms split into two main classes

A

eudicdotyledons and monocotyledons

32
Q

eudicotyledons

A

woody or herbaceous flowers with flowers in 4,5s , net leaf veins, circular vascular bundles in the stem and 2 cotyledons

33
Q

monocotyledons

A

, always herbaceous, w/flower parts in 3s , parallel leaf veins, scattered vascular bndles in the stem and one cotyledon

34
Q

non-vascualr plants

A

byrophytes, mosses

35
Q

vascular plants

A

seedless vascular: club mosses, ferns
seed-bearing vascular:gymnosperms (confers)
angiosperms(flowering plants

36
Q

algae

A
  • early forms of life found in water
  • many were green and had flagella
  • haploid cells fuse together to produce a resting zygote, after dormancy teh zygote undergoes meiosis and produces 4 new haploid cells
37
Q

examples of algae

A

chlamydomonas- attached to substrate on teh seashore
ulva-sea lettuce, has a flat thallus with a holdfast and often the size of a lettuce leaf
polytrichium- widely distributed moss spores produce in a capsule

38
Q

nonvascular plants (byrophytes)

A

byrophytes
- evolved from ancient group green algae
- lack vascular tissue,, lack true roots, stems, and leaves
instead they have rhizoids, stem like structures and leaf likes structures
-haploid gametophyte generation is dominant
- male gametophyte has antheridia that produce swimming sperm
the female gametophyte has archegonia that produce eggs, two which the sperm siwm through rain
- after fertilization, the female retians teh egg in the archegonium
-the sporophyte develops upon the female gametophyte
-sporophyte has a foot, stalk, a sporangium or capsule

39
Q

adaption of byrophytes

A

non vascular plants generally adapted to live where there is some moisture, since there is no tissue for water support

40
Q

importance byrophytes

A

they colonize rocks, producing soil from them that other organisms can use for growth
sphagnum is peat moss that can absorb water into its nonliving cells and hold it

41
Q

evolutionary trends among vascular plants

A

better conducting system- xylem evolved allowing for rapid water movement and phloem evolved to move sucrose and photosynthetic products from leaves to non-green cells
waxy layer- cut down on water loss by development of a waxy layer on epidermis
gametophyte- lower plants the sporophyte develops on the gametophyte, in higher plants reduction in importance of the gametophyte stage

42
Q

seedless vascular plants (fern allies)

A

club mosses are among the most primitive vascular plants

  • possess conductive tissues but are still simple
  • gametophyte during which sexual reproduction occurs and teh sporophyte in which spore production occurs
  • strobilus or cone is the reproductive organ, where spores are produced
43
Q

ferns

A

most have horizontal stem, (rhizome) from which hairlike roots and large leaves project

  • sporophyte is the dominant generation in a fern plant
  • sporangia develop in groups called sori
  • tiny gametophyte is a heart-shaped prothallus with antheridia and archegonia on the underside
43
Q

Kingdom Protista

A

Algae

  1. Chlamydomonas sp.
  2. Ulva ( sea lettuce)
44
Q

Kingdom plantae

A

Non vascular plants
Byrophytes (mosses)
1. Polytrichium (hair moss)
2. Sphagnum ( peat moss)

45
Q

Vascular plants in kingdom plantae

A 
Seedless vascular plants
1. Fern allies (club mosses and horsetails)
2. Ferns 
Ex. Lycopodium sp. (club moss)
Ex. Equisetum (horsetail)
Ex. Pteridium sp. (bracken fern)
46
Q

Vascular plants
Seed bearing vascular plants
In kingdom plantae

A 
Gymnosperms 
Ex. Pine, cedar, spruce, fir, redwood
Pinus resinosa
Pinus strobus
Picea glauca
Abies balsamea
Larix laricina
Thuja occidentalis
Angiosperms
Acer rubrum
Acer saccharum
Populous tremuloides
Betula papyrifera
Alnus rugosa
Quercus rubra

Biology 1507 (10 decks)

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