Biolab 1: Adaptions to Land by Plants

Question 1

alternation of generation

Answer 1

basic life cycle alternates between the gametophyte and sporophyte

Question 2

details of alternation of generation ( how works)

Answer 2

gametophyte produces haploid gametes, gametes fuse to give the diploid zygote, which normally develops into the diploid sporophyte, understand diagram

Question 3

holdfast

Answer 3

one of the adaptions of algae to stay in a fixed place by means of an attachment organ

Question 4

slime

Answer 4

algae producce slime to slow down water loss when tide is out

Question 5

thallus

Answer 5

plant like body

Question 6

isomorphic

Answer 6

look the same

Question 7

rhizoids

Answer 7

stemlike structures and leaflike structures

Question 8

capsule

Answer 8

stalked structure, where the spores produced form sexual reproduction are formed

Question 9

evolutionary trends among vascular plants

Answer 9

better conducting system: xylem and phloem evolved to transport water and nutrients
waxy layer: cut down on waterless by waxy layer on epidermis
gametophyte reduction: sporophyte developson the gametophyte, reduction in importants of teh gametophyte stage

Question 10

club mosses

Answer 10

most primitive vascular plants, seedless

Question 11

strobilus or cone

Answer 11

reproductive organ , where spores are produced , spores will shed when they are ripe

Question 12

horsetails

Answer 12

got their name form resemblance to horse tail, found in damp locations

Question 13

fertile shoot

Answer 13

spore ocntaining strobilus arises

Question 14

vegetative shoot

Answer 14

develops from an underground stem

Question 15

rhizome

Answer 15

horizontal stem from which hairlike roots and large leaves project

Question 16

fronds

Answer 16

large leaves

Question 17

sporangia

Answer 17

spore forming sacs

Question 18

in ferms spores develop in groups called

Answer 18

sori

Question 19

annulus

Answer 19

outer covering of the sporangia containing a special ring of cells

Question 20

fern leafd

Answer 20

spots are sori, contain clustesr of sporangia, contain haploid spores from which the gametophyte will develop and produce male and female gametes

Question 21

microspore

Answer 21

develops into the pollen grain

Question 22

pollen grain

Answer 22

immature male gametophyte which repelaces the internal swimming sperm

Question 23

pollination

Answer 23

transfer of male gametophyte to the vicinity of the female gametophyte

Question 24

megaspore

Answer 24

megasporangium, located within an ovule , produce a megaspore

Question 25

gymnosperms

Answer 25

naked seeds, with no fruits

Question 26

angiosperms

Answer 26

enclosed seeds with a fruit

Question 27

gymnosperm

Answer 27

have seeds instead of spores, gametophyte has beenr educed to a very small strucutre, which remains entirely on the sporophyte - needle like leaves - sporophyte is dominant , w/ microsporangia and megasporangia located on scales on two types of cones

Question 28

adaption of gymnosperm

Answer 28

- transfer of pollen by wind and growth fo the pollen tube - enclosed female gametophyte is protected - embryo is protected by the seed and provided w/ nutrients to support

Question 29

importance gymnosperms

Answer 29

supply wood for building and paper manufacturing

Question 30

angiosperms

Answer 30

flowering plants, dominant land flora, about 350 000 species, they bear seeds and have fruits

Question 31

angiosperms split into two main classes

Answer 31

eudicdotyledons and monocotyledons

Question 32

eudicotyledons

Answer 32

woody or herbaceous flowers with flowers in 4,5s , net leaf veins, circular vascular bundles in the stem and 2 cotyledons

Question 33

monocotyledons

Answer 33

, always herbaceous, w/flower parts in 3s , parallel leaf veins, scattered vascular bndles in the stem and one cotyledon

Question 34

non-vascualr plants

Answer 34

byrophytes, mosses

Question 35

vascular plants

Answer 35

seedless vascular: club mosses, ferns seed-bearing vascular:gymnosperms (confers) angiosperms(flowering plants

Question 36

algae

Answer 36

- early forms of life found in water - many were green and had flagella - haploid cells fuse together to produce a resting zygote, after dormancy teh zygote undergoes meiosis and produces 4 new haploid cells

Question 37

examples of algae

Answer 37

chlamydomonas- attached to substrate on teh seashore ulva-sea lettuce, has a flat thallus with a holdfast and often the size of a lettuce leaf polytrichium- widely distributed moss spores produce in a capsule

Question 38

nonvascular plants (byrophytes)

Answer 38

byrophytes - evolved from ancient group green algae - lack vascular tissue,, lack true roots, stems, and leaves instead they have rhizoids, stem like structures and leaf likes structures -haploid gametophyte generation is dominant - male gametophyte has antheridia that produce swimming sperm the female gametophyte has archegonia that produce eggs, two which the sperm siwm through rain - after fertilization, the female retians teh egg in the archegonium -the sporophyte develops upon the female gametophyte -sporophyte has a foot, stalk, a sporangium or capsule

Question 39

adaption of byrophytes

Answer 39

non vascular plants generally adapted to live where there is some moisture, since there is no tissue for water support

Question 40

importance byrophytes

Answer 40

they colonize rocks, producing soil from them that other organisms can use for growth sphagnum is peat moss that can absorb water into its nonliving cells and hold it

Question 41

evolutionary trends among vascular plants

Answer 41

better conducting system- xylem evolved allowing for rapid water movement and phloem evolved to move sucrose and photosynthetic products from leaves to non-green cells waxy layer- cut down on water loss by development of a waxy layer on epidermis gametophyte- lower plants the sporophyte develops on the gametophyte, in higher plants reduction in importance of the gametophyte stage

Question 42

seedless vascular plants (fern allies)

Answer 42

club mosses are among the most primitive vascular plants - possess conductive tissues but are still simple - gametophyte during which sexual reproduction occurs and teh sporophyte in which spore production occurs - strobilus or cone is the reproductive organ, where spores are produced

Question 43

ferns

Answer 43

most have horizontal stem, (rhizome) from which hairlike roots and large leaves project - sporophyte is the dominant generation in a fern plant - sporangia develop in groups called sori - tiny gametophyte is a heart-shaped prothallus with antheridia and archegonia on the underside

Question 43

Kingdom Protista

Answer 43

Algae 1. Chlamydomonas sp. 2. Ulva ( sea lettuce)

Question 44

Kingdom plantae

Answer 44

Non vascular plants Byrophytes (mosses) 1. Polytrichium (hair moss) 2. Sphagnum ( peat moss)

Question 45

Vascular plants in kingdom plantae

Answer 45

``` Seedless vascular plants 1. Fern allies (club mosses and horsetails) 2. Ferns Ex. Lycopodium sp. (club moss) Ex. Equisetum (horsetail) Ex. Pteridium sp. (bracken fern) ```

Question 46

Vascular plants Seed bearing vascular plants In kingdom plantae

Answer 46

``` Gymnosperms Ex. Pine, cedar, spruce, fir, redwood Pinus resinosa Pinus strobus Picea glauca Abies balsamea Larix laricina Thuja occidentalis Angiosperms Acer rubrum Acer saccharum Populous tremuloides Betula papyrifera Alnus rugosa Quercus rubra ```