Biol234z pt 2

Question 1

ecological sampling of terrestiral inverts

lo:
analytical and sampling techniques
scientific hypotheses.
RICT, distributions, monitoring.

Question 2

why care about inverts?

Answer 2

*cryptobiosis: dormancy

*chemical bombs: quinone and hydrogen peroxide weapon from beetles

*mites: male mites creating a garden to lure in females.

*yora insect protein dog food

*the insect apocalpyse: 75% decline in insect biomass.
-Molase trapping
-habitat loss etc

*decline of insects video

Question 3

what are the major groups of terrestrial inverts?

Answer 3

protostomia (mouth develops before the anus)
2 branches lohptrochozoea
eodzosza

Question 4

panarthropods
terestrial arthropods

Answer 4

*tardigrades

*onychohora (velvet worms, shoot slim webs to catach prey, tend to live at lower latitudes)

*arthropods

Question 5

arthropods

Answer 5

chelicerates (spiders, scorpions)

crustaceans

myriapods (cenitpedes, millipedes)

hexapods & insects (6 legs)
wingless insects: apterygotes
major forms of development
metamorphises

invasive species of anthropods:

Question 6

annelids

Answer 6

polychaetes: ragworm

lie up against each other to reproduce

Question 7

molluscs

Answer 7

50k spp
gastropods (slugs/ snails)

Question 8

microcorphia
thysanura
phitraptera
pscoptera* (book bugs)
odonatab (dragonfly)
dermaptera (ear wigs)

traumatic insemination: bedbugs- stabs into female to mate

Question 9

megaloptera
hymenoptera (wasps, parasitic wasps)
coleoptera

Question 10

how to sample terrest inverts

Answer 10

why and then sampling?
*estimation population size
*Access diversity
*environmental consultancy
*academic research
*species distributions
*

Question 11

direct search

Answer 11

*timed search by looking

advantages:

disadvantages: not a systimatic way of catching, only catch whats there at that time.

device:
pooter: pot with 2 tubes

Question 12

netting method
sweep net

Answer 12

vegetation
catch flying insects
semi-quantitive only

disadvantages:
net wont keep things in, when opened.

Question 13

aerial kite net

Answer 13

catching flying insects
used for direct capture

Question 14

barrier trap

Answer 14

flying insects
typical orders captured

perpex mounted on a frame

Question 15

malaise trap

Answer 15

disadvantges:
collects a lot of insects

advantages:
good for different groups

Question 16

light trap

Answer 16

skinner trap

heath trap

Question 17

treacling

Question 18

pitfall traps

arboreal pitfall trap (in the canopy)

Answer 18

avoids harm to other wildlife

Question 19

pan traps

Question 20

beating

Answer 20

whack tree with stick and see what comes out

Question 21

kick sampling

Answer 21

put net downstream of where standing and kick the floor of the stream

RIVPACS/RICT- river invert

Question 22

bait traps

Answer 22

often useful for pest organisms

will draw insects in from a wider area

Question 23

pheromone trap

Question 24

suction sampling

Question 25

leaf litter extraction

tullgren funnel

Question 26

how can i collect a robust data set?

Answer 26

random sample:
take lots of samples of individuals at different places in a habitat

good when time is limited
if there is a structure to the habitat

cluster sample:
make an artifical area within a wider one

systematic sample:
putting traps in a fixed interval
*arsenic mine in gunnislake

Question 27

sampling sins

Answer 27

-not sampling randomly
-collecting more then you need
-change methodolgy
-counting the same individual twice
-understanding species biology
-pseudo replication
-not being honest about what was done
-not knowing how you will analyse

Question 28

what are appropriate methods for curation and preservation?

Question 29

lecture 2
terrestrial inverts as bioindicators

Answer 29

what is a bioindicator

what factors

advan and dis of using terrestiral inverts as bioindictators

general principles arising

Question 30

paper: doi-10.1007

Question 31

what is a bioindicator?

Answer 31

using an invert species to show how a habitat/environment has changed. indicate overall levels of biodiversity

monitor stress (detectors versus exploiters)

Question 32

why are terrestrial inverts advantageous as bioindicators?

Answer 32

-found in lots of different environments

-large quanitity of them

-easy to sample

-well studied- population dynamics

-some amateur recording schemes
(therefore change in range and abundance are easy to detect)

-small size makes them sensitive to local conditions

-generally mobile

-short generation times- rapid numerical response

-functionally important

-cheap to do

Question 33

why are terrestrial inverts disadvantageous bioindicators?

Answer 33

disadvantages:

-they are hard to identify

-they might not indicate biodiversity of higher taxa

-need a lot of under pinning ecological research

Question 34

how to select terrestiral inverts as bioindicators?

Answer 34

several taxa

seperate abundance fluctuation from change of interest

know about their history and phenology

enviornmental tolerance knowledge

Question 35

case study:
dung beetles as bioindicators

paper

Answer 35

use dung beetles as indicators of habitat change: sand forest to mixed woodland

-strong relationship wiht environmental characteristic

-robustness of this should be tested

-how specific and invert is to a environment type

-ind/val approach

test consistnecy of indicator values
test whether dung beetles are a good test for change

-using systematic pitfall grid sapling baited with elephant dung and sampled every 48 hours

measured:

specificity AiJ:
mean number of species i across sites of group j

Nindividualsi:
sum of the mean number of species i over all groups

fidelity bij: nsitesij:
number of sites in habitat j where the species is present

Nsitej:
is the number of sites in that cluster

indval= Aij x Bij x 100

indicator value= indval
indicator values are higher depending on how high the abundance is

what did they find?
mixed woodland had more species with high indicator values

investigated if there was a high fedelity value if there was a high abundance as the fedility goes up so does the abundance

Question 36

outcome

Answer 36

set of species were found to be reliable indicators

fidelity componenet of indval is affected by abundance

detector species more prevalent in disturbed habitats and indicate direction of habitat change

Question 37

case study 2
chironomids as indicators of stress

Answer 37

tested a bioassay using chironomid mouthpart deformities as a measure of enviornmental stress

taxonomy
phylum: arthropoda
class: insecta
order: diptera
features:one pair wings;halteres

sediments absorb and bind toxins which may be bioavalible.

bioassay also advantageous as chironomids can be hard to i.d

what did they do?
put midges in the river in a sealed-ish box
came up with an overall toxicity score. left larvae out in the field.

increase in abundace with stress
the greater the sediment the greater the number of mouth part defomrities

using inverts as bioindicators for environmental stress

Question 38

river invert classification tool

Question 39

case study 3:

inverts as indicators of species richness and diversity

Answer 39

looks at the question: can they use sets of butterfly species to

indicators woukd be advantagoes but some groups are hard to detect

located in the great basin of the USA
sampling butterflies using the walking transect method.

ruled out species that are super abundant thus using intermedaite species abundance.
predciting community of resident butterflies all year round.

the species richness predicted by the model was generally represented by observed species richness

can the approach be extended to other groups.

Question 40

RICT
excellent indicators of water quality
(aquatic inverts)

Question 41

quiz: