BIOL211z Boden

Question 1

growth and kinetics lecture 1:

microbal morphology and structure

Question 2

3 domains of life

Answer 2

thus a common ancestor of all the eukarya was a member of the archaea.

-eukarya= endosymbiotic engulfment of rickettsiaceae to form mitocondria

-rhodophyla (red algae)= endosymbiotic engulfment of a red member of the cynobacteria to form rhodoplasts

-chloroplasts (plants)= endosymbiotic enguflment of a green member of the cyanobacteria to form chloroplasts leading to the different plant lineages.

taxonic ranks:
domain, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, strain

growing a lineage in a lab:

strain:KT MG1655- flat strain, doesnt grow very much, no plasmids or viruses.

Question 3

comparative features of the archea, bacteria and eukarya:

Question 4

defining species

Question 5

cell structures: all
bacteria and archaea

Answer 5

-cell membrane

-cell walls (glycocax=sugar coat can be a structured capsule or layer of slim thats not uniform)

-cytoplasm/cytsol (within the membrane.
periplasm- gung on outside if talking about this say cytoplasm.

-respiratory chain (inner membrane if gram neg, proton motive force.

would be on only membrane there is in archaea- invaginatied space)

-ribosomes (making proteins,

-circular genome
plasmids, chromids etc

Question 6

cell structures:
some bacteria and archaea on the outside

Answer 6

-pili (sex- used in replicon transfer plasmids between cells. Hold on and membranes touch each other transferring)
or
type 4- gliding use to rub against another surface creating movement

-fimbriae- attachment pili special type of structure that is used to stick to the surface or to other cells

-flagella-provide movement fueled by protein motive force/sodium motive force. Long whip like projection.
*rapid movement in liquid
monotrichous (1) lohotrichous (many at one end)

can have movement without:

holdfast: sticky foot allows adhering to surfaces in hyphomicrobium spp

Question 7

cell structure

organelle if it has a membrane

Answer 7

inside of the cell:
true organelles in planktomycetia

nucleoid

proteinaous cell compartments: also in cylobacteria
can be seen in thiobacillus thioparus. Used to compartment dioxide
not an organelle
carboxysome:

storage granuals (cytoplasm)
sulfur granuals only in chemolithoautorough when theres a lot of sulfate about.

polyhydoxyalkanaote:
PHA and PHB.
used for long term storage, days or weeks.

glycogan granuals:
produced in heterotrophic bacteria
not used for storage. can use all the glucose atm so keep it and use it ASAP.

polyphospahte granuals: inorganic phosphate turned into a polymer.

insecticide crystals:

internal membranes: common in methanoxidsing bacteria

Question 8

subcellular granules

Answer 8

-corynebacterium stained to show volutin granuals

-escherichia coli from gammaproteobacteria
sudan black 3.
what does it do?

Question 9

cell walls and membranes

Answer 9

glycocalyx is present then a negative stain used

Question 10

gram stain

pos-purple
-neg-pink

1 membrane or 2 membrane level of staining

triiodide- helps it stick

counter stain with bismark brown or safranin o

Answer 10

two wall types: negative
positive:thick layer of peptidog;lycan colapses keeping theh colour in the cell

Question 11

cell walls in the archaea

Question 12

growth and kinetics 2
microbial cultivation

Question 13

cell morphologies

Answer 13

pleomoprhic organism:

rod-shaped

curved rod (vibrioid)

cocci (balls)

spiral

Question 14

cell divison
not mitosis or meiosis

Answer 14

binary fission occurs in
thermithiobacillus tepidarius

measure where the growth is coming from:

Question 15

unicellularity is very common

Answer 15

thiothrix fructosivorans

Question 16

cell cultivation : types of media
agar or liquid

Answer 16

liquid: get a uniform growth
-defined media, can chemically define everything in it
-complex media,

section b
need an isolation stratergy

Question 17

kinetics 5
continous culture
the chemostat

Answer 17

batch culture problems:
fed batch culture
cant mimic enviornmental flux

continous cultures; all end instat
auxostat, pHauxostats, cytostats, turbiodstats

book boden r and hutt lp 2018
theory and technical site

Question 18

chemostats are done in bioreactors (or fermentors)

*can be oxygenated by forcing air through it, or stir it with a motorised stirer. (can measure the dissolved oxygen)

*bottles on side

*temperature prob
switch between heating and cooling

*usually has a heating jacket

*can measure out flowing gas vs in flowing gas

*can be used as a growing culture for batch cultures or contionous culture

Question 19

reactor set up for continuous culture

Question 20

the chemostat:

Answer 20

invented by monod, followed up by pirt.
chemically static system
(could be limitation through oxygen nitrogen source, carbon/energy source)

acetate- carbon source
at any point it will have 0m the vessel holds vml in volume.

set up the reactor, steralise then pump medium in and create a normal batch culture. once react a peak something should start to run out
start dripping medium in ehich are in late exponential fase (acetate)

*reach a physiological steady state
where cells are stable

Question 21

steady state
one of 3 situations if pump turned on

Answer 21

-biomass and growth will increase until growth rate equalling the dilution rate

dilution rate will be faster then biomass rate
never keep up with rate of dilution
*turn the pump down

growth rate and dilution rate becomes the same this is physiological steady state.

5 culture volumes need to go through the reactor to get first steady state

set growth rate by setting a dilution rate
0.1 reciprocal hours

d.crit (max growth rate) if you go above mew max then it will just wash out

karagouni and slater (1978)

Question 22

specific molar growth yield

Answer 22

compare organisms in a fair way
get yield per mole of carbon and then compare how equally it is being made

can work out how much substatre diseapers in the resivour

Question 23

maintenance- in pert sense doesnt work for all organisms
ms-maintneance for substrate (s changes)
measure of how much of the substance is needed to main for one hour

Question 24

metabolism 1
autotrophs and heterotrophs

exam material

Answer 24

example organisms

autotroghs use co2 or DIC dissolved in organic carbon
some energy source
some reducing power/electron donor to grow

heterotroughs
uses organo-c compounds as thier source of C- and E-

methanotrophs

methylotrophs

siazotrophs

fermenters

Question 25

general respiration

Answer 25

same periplsmic space of paracoccus vertsutus
(can grow auto or hetero)

Question 26

autotrophs have energetic issues

Answer 26

no kreb cycle or glycolyic pathway
NADH is required to make NADPH
used electron donors directly instead of making a pool then degrading it

make NADH running backwards

couple forward electron transport translocates protons into periplasmic space
paying money into one bank account and paying it out of another

lu-kelly cycle
rhodobacterales:
all genes are on the sox operon, protein made is called SoxAX. capital letter is protein.