BIOL1A - plant adapt 1 Flashcards
Describe photosynthesis
the ability to convert sunlight + CO2 + H2O + ions -> CHO, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids
What was marine life like in the Cambrian period?
the primary producers were algae. Also, water helped plant orientation and structure. Nutrients were readily available to plants because plants were surrounded by water.
Why would it be advantageous for plants to move onto land?
Fewer predators (herbivores) and pathogens, more exposure to sunlight and CO2
Why would it be disadvantageous for plants to move onto land?
Limited access to water, challenges with structural support and reproduction
What structures are similar/different in algae and plants?
holdfast/root system; stipe/stem; blade/shoot system
What functions do roots serve plants?
anchoring plant to substrate; water and nutrient absorption
Name two root structures.
tap root and fibrous root.
What type of plant exhibits tap root structures?
eudicots
What type of plant exhibits fibrous root structures?
monocots
Why is a tap root advantageous compared to fibrous roots?
stores nutrients, water, and sugar/starch; anchors plant.
Why is a fibrous root advantageous compared to a tap root?
more surface area to access water; heightened ability to compete with other neighboring plants.
Name all 6 external structures of the shoot system.
stem, node, internode, axillary bud (petiole), apical bud, leaf.
When looking at a cross section of a eudicot and monocot stem, what are the differences in vascular bundles?
vascular bundles are organized along the epidermis (ring) in eudicots; vascular bundles are scattered randomly throughout monocot stems
Name all 6 internal leaf structures of the leaf.
cuticle, epidermis, mesophyll, vascular bundle, pore, guard cells, stoma.
What are the 4 types of leaf arrangements?
whorled, opposite, alternate , rosette.
What leaf venation determines a eudicot or monocot plant?
eudicots have netted veins; monocots have parallel veins.
How does water move from roots to shoots?
Gravity, Osmosis, Capillary Action, Cohesion-Adhesion Theory.
What does the phloem and xylem transport?
Phloem = nutrients; Xylem = water.
What does the cotyledon becomes?
Cotyledons becomes the first embryonic leaves in seedlings.
Chronologically state the evolution of the xylem cells.
Simple water-conducting cells; first vascular tissue; tracheids; vessel elements.
What are the 4 types of leaf structures?
Simple, Compound, Doubly Compound, Needle-like.
Name 4 types of modified leaves.
Bulbs, spines, tendrils, trapping insects.
What are the 6 steps of the Cohesion-Tension Theory?
1) Water vapor diffuses out of the leaf. 2) Water evaporates inside the leaf. 3) Water is pulled out of the xylem. 4) Water is pulled up the xylem. 5) Water is pulled out of the root cortex. 6) Water moves from soil into the root.
What are the 3 ways to minimize transpiration?
Having thick leaves, sunken stomata, and trichomes (hair) reduces transpiration.
