Bioimagingg

Question 1

Bioimaging as catalyst

Answer 1

open heart surgery replaced with minimally invasive operation

Question 2

Bioimaging

Answer 2

methods that enhance vision
-smaller ,inside things ,highlight structure

Question 3

bioimaging basic metrics

Answer 3

-resolution
-penetration depth
-contrast
-signal to noise

Question 4

Resolution

Answer 4

smallest length difference you can image

Question 5

contrast

Answer 5

can you tell two regions apart
low
optimum is the best
high

Question 6

signal to noise

Answer 6

how clearly can you detect signal
related to contrast and resolution

Question 7

Bioimaging modalities

Answer 7

-Electromagnetic
.optical; white light
.optical:florescence
.X-ray/CT
-Acoustic:soound
.ultrasound
-hybrid
.Photoacoustic tomography

Question 8

white light Microscopes

Answer 8

simplest/oldest imaging technique
benefits= easy to use, fast
cheap
limits= theoretical resolution limit

Question 9

enhancment = Endoscope

Answer 9

-camera+fiber optic cable
-fiber takes light to end of scope and back to camera
-Examine internal system
-used in surager to see into incision

Question 10

Enhancements:
micotome

Answer 10

• machine to make thin slices
• good for Histology (analyzing tissue structure not analyzing function

Question 11

enhancement=staining

Answer 11

stain to see cells
many different stains available

Question 12

Fluorescense microscopes

Answer 12

-certain proteins will fluoresce when excited by light
-report location when stuck by light

Question 13

fluorescent marking

Answer 13

stains-Fluorophores attached ti molecu
fluorescent taggged antibodies-Antibodies that carrry fluorophores will attach only with specifi target molecules
Gene expre-modification of genes can result in cells producing proteins that are fluorescent
can truck gene acrivity and movement of produced protein

Question 14

x-ray

Answer 14

-X-rays are aborbed/scattered differently by different parts of body
-Detecting trasmitted X-rays create a picture of what is within object

Question 15

Enhancemtn=Tommgraphy

Answer 15

Tomo=from greek for slice or section
Tomography- looking at slices of an object without destroging it

Question 16

CT(Xray and tomography)

Answer 16

Xray images circles around patient to get slice

Question 17

issues with x-ray

Answer 17

-ionizing radiation
-Dose-total xray absorbed
short exposure large area/target small area
-contrast ration-signal/noise

Question 18

Contrast agent to reduce dose

Answer 18

high atomic number material to bring out contrast
-allows for lower dose because easier to see structure

Question 19

MRI

Answer 19

-uses strong magnet to align molecules
-secondary perpendicular filed causes them to rotate at a frequency that depend on atomic characteristics
-release filed molec emit radio frequency waves that can detect
-radio frequency waves can be reconstructed to from 2D and 3D images

Question 20

MRI factors

Answer 20

Good resolution
low risk(non-ionizing)
slow
Magnetic material (implant cannot go into MRI)

Question 21

Ultrasoind ( Acoustic tomograph

Answer 21

-Uses sound(pressure wave)
-sound reflect off (echoes)interface
-measuring time between echoes tells how far the interface is from the detector

Question 22

Ultrasound

Answer 22

pro=fast, cheap,low risk
con=low penetration
low resolution
only detects differences in density

Question 23

Photoacoustic

Answer 23

Input-electromagnetic
output-sound
-low risk,better resolution and depth
-heat up the objects in the body when cool emit sound

Question 24

Photoacoustic

Answer 24

-Attach mole that are sensitive to light to active agents
-when the agent get to area use light to trigger marker and see signal