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PMLS FINALS > Biohazards and Biosafety > Flashcards

Biohazards and Biosafety Flashcards

1
Q

“Revised Rules and Regulations Governing the Licensure and Regulation of Clinical
Laboratories in the Philippines”

A

DOH Administrative Order No. 2007-0027

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2
Q

the establishment of this in the clinical laboratory creates a safe work environment

A

biosafety and biosecurity

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3
Q

inside the workplace renders a safety warning to the staff

A

hazard signs

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4
Q

It increases the awareness on the risks that are present in the workplace and in doing so,
decreases the likelihood of preventable accidents

A

hazard signs

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5
Q

refer to anything in the environment that has the potential to cause harm

A

Hazards

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6
Q

was no longer just a moral obligation on the part of the employer
but should already be a matter of law enforcement

A

occupational safety

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7
Q

aims to provide all employees (clinical
laboratory personnel included) a safe work environment.

A

Occupational Safety and Health Act/OSHA

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8
Q

has widely been used as a basis by many countries internationally to
come up with their own regulations concerning safety in the workplace

A

Occupational Safety and Health Act/OSHA

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9
Q

When was OSHA enacted and by which body?

A

US Congress in 1970

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10
Q

is the governing body responsible for ensuring and monitoring the implementation of the standards set by the
above-mentioned act.

A

Occupational Safety and Health Administration/OSHA

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11
Q

It is authorized to conduct on-site inspections to determine whether an employer is complying with the mandatory standards.

A

Occupational Safety and Health Administration/OSHA

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12
Q

Kinds of Laboratory Hazards

A

Biohazard, chemical hazard, fire hazard, electrical hazard, physical hazard, sharps hazard, ergonomic hazard

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13
Q

include all pathogen or disease-causing microorganisms, are frequently present in specimens that are processed

A

Biohazard

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14
Q

iillustrates how pathogens are transmitted. Understanding the chain of infection is essential for one to identify measures that will prevent infection

A

chain of infection

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15
Q

The disease-causing microorganism

A

Infectious agent, pathogen

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16
Q

Animate/ inanimate object where the infectious agent is found normally
living

A

Reservoir

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17
Q

types of reservoir

A

human reservoir, animal reservoir, inanimate reservoir.

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18
Q

Routes and means utilized by the microorganism to escape from the reservoir

A

Portal of exit

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19
Q

Method of conduction from the reservoir to the susceptible host

A

Mode of transmission

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20
Q

Involves actual contact/ close proximity of the infected individual and the susceptible hos

A

Direct contact

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21
Q

“Mother-to-baby” transmission

A

Vertical Transmission (direct contact)

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22
Q

Transfer of infectious agent happens
BEFORE birth usually by crossing the
placenta

A

Prenatal/ Transplacental Transmission (Vertical)

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23
Q

Transfer happens during passage through the birth canal

A

Perinatal Transmission (Vertical)

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24
Q

Transmission from a person to
another person within a group

A

Horizontal Transmission

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25
Q

No specificity when it comes to the involved hosts

A

Horizontal Transmission

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26
Q

Includes Transmission by Fomites

A

Indirect contact

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27
Q

Non-living objects that may transmit an infectious disease (tissues, handkerchiefs, towels, doorknobs, bedding, etc)

A

Fomites

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28
Q

Respiratory particles of moisture containing an infectious
agent

A

Droplets

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29
Q

Typically expelled into the air by coughing, sneezing, and even by talking

A

Droplets

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30
Q

The diameter of a droplet

A

> 5 micrometers

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31
Q

The distance of droplets

A

<1 meter

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32
Q

Pathogen is spread through droplet nuclei

A

Airborne Transmission

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33
Q

remnants after evaporation of droplets

A

droplet nuclei

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34
Q

Diameter of a droplet nuclei

A

<5 micrometers

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35
Q

The distance of a droplet nuclei

A

<1 meter

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36
Q

Transfer of infectious agents by an inanimate medium (soil, water, food)

A

Common Vehicle Transmission

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37
Q

Pathogens are spread by contaminated water, usually with untreated or poorly treated sewage

A

Waterborne transmission (Common Vehicle Transmission)

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38
Q

Diseases transmitted via this route include cholera and leptospirosis

A

Waterborne transmission (Common Vehicle Transmission)

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39
Q

The pathogens usually develop in soil and is subsequently acquired by the susceptible host from the soil

A

Soil-borne transmission (Common Vehicle Transmission)

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40
Q

Diseases transmitted via this route include Hookworm infection and Ascariasis

A

Soil-borne transmission (Common Vehicle Transmission)

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41
Q

Pathogens are transmitted in foods that are incompletely cooked, poorly refrigerated, or prepared under unsanitary
conditions

A

Foodborne transmission (Common Vehicle Transmission)

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42
Q

Diseases transmitted via this route include tapeworm infection

A

Foodborne transmission (Common Vehicle Transmission)

43
Q

Invertebrates capable of harbouring infectious agent

A

Vector

44
Q

Utilizes mechanical vectors

A

Mechanical transmission (Vector-Borne Transmission)

45
Q

The infectious agent WILL NOT develop while being transported
by the vector

A

Mechanical transmission (Vector-Borne Transmission)

46
Q

Utilizes biological vectors

A

Biological transmission (Vector-Borne Transmission)

47
Q

The infectious agent WILL develop while being transported by
the vector

A

Biological transmission (Vector-Borne Transmission)

48
Q

Routes through which the pathogen enter the host

A

Portal of entry

49
Q

If not followed, the entry of the infectious agent to the susceptible human host will result to non-development of a disease or a milder
form of the disease caused by

A

portal of entry

50
Q

If not followed, the entry of the infectious agent to the susceptible human host will result to non-development of a disease or a milder
form of the disease caused by

A

Preferred portal of entry

51
Q

an adequate amount of the
causative agent, Vibrio cholerae, enters the host via the gastrointestinal tract results in

A

development of cholera

52
Q

result if Vibrio cholerae enters the host
via the respiratory tract

A

Non-development of cholera

53
Q

The parts of a chan infection: 3 part model

A

source, transmission, host

54
Q
  • three part model incorporates this
  • has four circles and is
    universally adapted to warn about the existence of biological hazards
A

biohazard symbol

55
Q

The Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories is jointly produced by the

A

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Institutes of Health
(NIH)

56
Q

Not known to consistently cause
diseases in healthy adults

A

Biosafety Level 1
Agent

57
Q

Relatively common agents that are
associated with human disease

A

Biosafety Level 2
Agent

58
Q

Routes of transmission include
percutaneous injury, ingestion, and
mucous membrane exposure

A

Biosafety Level 2
Agent

59
Q

Indigenous or exotic agents that may
cause serious or potentially lethal
disease through inhalation route of
exposure

A

Biosafety Level 3
Agent

60
Q

Dangerous or exotic agents which post
high individual risk of aerosol transmitted laboratory infections that
are frequently fatal, for which there are
no vaccines or treatments

A

Biosafety Level 4 Agent

61
Q

Bacillus subtilis,
Mycobacterium gordonae

A

Biosafety Level 1
Agent

62
Q

Escherichia coli, Hepatitis B
virus, Human
Immunodeficiency Virus,
Influenza virus

A

Biosafety Level 2
Agent

63
Q

Bacillus anthracis, Francisella,
Brucella, Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, Mold stages of
systemic fungi

A

Biosafety Level 3
Agent

64
Q

Ebola virus, Lassa virus, Viruses
that cause hemorrhagic
fevers

A

Biosafety Level 4
Agent

65
Q

Agents not associated with
disease in healthy adult humans

A

Risk Group 1

66
Q

Agents associated with human
disease that is rarely serious and
for which preventive or
therapeutic interventions are
often available.

A

Risk Group 2

67
Q

n is utilized by both the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the
World Health Organization (WHO)

A

risk group classification

68
Q

Agents associated with serious or
lethal human disease for which
preventive or therapeutic
interventions may be available
(high individual risk but low
community risk).

A

Risk Group 3

69
Q

Agents likely to cause serious or
lethal human disease for which
preventive or therapeutic
interventions are not usually
available (high individual risk and
high community risk).

A

Risk Group 4

70
Q

No or low individual and community
risk

A

Risk Group 1

71
Q

Moderate individual risk; low
community risk

A

Risk Group 2

72
Q

High individual risk; low community
risk

A

Risk Group 3

73
Q

High individual and community risk

A

Risk Group 4

74
Q

WHO: “Containment principles, technologies, and practices that are
implemented to prevent unintentional exposure to pathogens or toxins, or
their accidental release”

A

Biosafety

75
Q

__ protects people from germs while __ protects germs from people

A

Biosafety, biosecurity

76
Q

WHO: “The protection, control, and accountability for valuable biological
materials within the laboratories, in order to prevent their unauthorized
access, loss, theft , misuse, diversion, or intentional release

A

Biosecurity

77
Q

Mandates that personnel should treat all blood and blood-contaminated
samples as potentially infectious

A

Universal Precautions (UP)

78
Q

did not treat other bodily fluids that are not visibly contaminated with blood as potentially infectious

A

Universal Precautions (UP)

79
Q

Considers all body fluids and moist body substances to be potentially
infectious

A

Body Substance Isolation (BSI)

80
Q

Main flaw: Did not recommend hand washing following removal of gloves
unless visual contamination is present

A

Body Substance Isolation (BSI)

81
Q

Combined major features of universal precautions and body substance
isolation

A

Standard Precautions (SP)

82
Q

Most commonly implemented by clinical laboratories

A

Standard Precautions (SP)

83
Q

Essentials include proper hand washing, utilization of personal protective
equipment (PPE), and preventing exposure to potentially infectious aerosols/
droplets

A

Standard Precautions (SP)

84
Q

Single most effective way of controlling the spread of infectious diseases

A

Proper hand washing

85
Q

According to WHO guidelines, rubbing of hands should last for

A

at least 20 seconds

86
Q

According to WHO guidelines, rubbing of hands should last for

A

at least 20 seconds

87
Q

Proper duration of hand-rubbing is approximately equal to the
duration of singing

A

2 happy birthday songs

88
Q

Protective clothing, helmets and other garments designed to protect the
wearer’s body from injury or infection

A

Utilization of personal protective equipment

89
Q

Device that encloses a workplace in such a way that protects the workers from
exposure to aerosols that may potentially contain infectious disease agents

A

BIOSAFETY CABINETS (BSC)

90
Q

Air that may contain infectious agent is sterilized by passing through the

A

HEPA filter

91
Q

Hepa filters are characterized by having pores the diameter of

A

0.3 um

92
Q

Removes air-suspended materials having diameter greater than 0.3 um

A

Hepa filter

93
Q

Capable of removing up to 99.97% of air-suspended materials

A

Hepa filter

94
Q

Aka Open Front BSC

A

Biosafety Cabinet Class I

95
Q

Allow room (unsterilized) air to pass into the cabinet and around the
working area and the materials within

A

Biosafety Cabinet Class I

96
Q

Does not protect the sample/ product from possible
contamination

A

Biosafety Cabinet Class I

97
Q

Before being exhausted from the cabinet: Air passes through HEPA
filter, sterilizing the air to be exhausted

A

Biosafety Cabinet Class I

98
Q

Protects the worker and the environment from potentially
infectious aerosols

A

Biosafety Cabinet Class I

99
Q

e causes unfiltered room to be drawn in through the work opening and across the work surface. The inward flow protects the personnel from
potentially infectious aerosols

A

Negative atmospheric pressure

100
Q

Protects the worker from potentially infectious aerosols; Also capable of
protecting the sample from possible contamination

A

Biosafety Cabinet Class II

101
Q

 Air passes through HEPA filter BEFORE flowing over the materials within
 Air that reaches the materials within the working area is already
sterile, Protects the specimen from contamination
 Air to be exhausted first passes through HEPA filter
 Protects the worker and the environment from potentially
infectious aerosols

A

Biosafety Cabinet Class II

102
Q

High risk;evel are encountered by the workers
o In addition to BSL 2 practices, also includes the following practices:
 Controlled access
 Decontamination of all wastes
 Decontamination of laboratory clothing before laundering
 Performing aerosol-generating procedures in BSC Class I, Class II, or
Class III

A

Biosafety level III

103
Q

Extreme risk; Biosafety Level 4 agents are encountered in the workplace
o In addition to BSL 3 practices, also includes:
 Clothing change before entering
 Shower on exit
 Special protective clothing
 Requiring performance of procedures inside BSC Class III

A

Biosafety Level IV (BSL-4)

PMLS FINALS (6 decks)

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