BIOETHICS: Week 4-6: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO)

Question 1

it is something that furnishes proof or testimony or something legally submitted to ascertain in the truth of matter

Answer 1

Evidence

Question 1

as a systematic investigation to find answers to questions or to solve problems or to test theories.

Answer 1

Research

Question 2

it is the systemic interconnecting of scientifically generated evidence with the tacit knowledge of the expert practitioner to achieve a change in a particular practice for the benefit of a well–defined client/patient group (French 1999)

Answer 2

Evidenced based practice

Question 3

it is a process by which nurses make clinical decisions using the best available research evidence, their clinical expertise and patient preferences (Mulhall, 1998).

Answer 3

Evidenced based nursing

Question 3

is an international ethical and scientific quality for the design, conduct, performance, monitoring, auditing, recording, analyses and reporting of clinical trials

Answer 3

Good Clinical Practice (GCP)

Question 4

The 10 elements of the code are:

Answer 4

1. Voluntary consent is essential
2. The results of any experiment must be for the greater good of society
3. Human experiments should be based on previous animal experimentation
4. Experiments should be conducted by avoiding physical/mental suffering and injury
5. No experiments should be conducted if it is believed to cause death/disability
6. The risks should never exceed the benefits
7. Adequate facilities should be used to protect subjects
8. Experiments should be conducted only by qualified scientists
9. Subjects should be able to end their participation at any time
10. The scientist in charge must be prepared to terminate the experiment when injury, disability, or death is likely to occur

Question 5

developed the Declaration of Helsinki as a statement of ethical principles to provide guidance to physicians and other participants in medical research involving human subjects. Medical research involving human subjects includes research on identifiable human material or identifiable data.

Answer 5

The World Medical Association

Question 6

binds the physician with the words, ‘‘The health of my patient will be my first consideration,’’ and the International Code of Medical Ethics declares that, ‘‘A physician shall act only in the patient’s interest when providing medical care which might have the effect of weakening the physical and mental condition of the patient.’

Answer 6

The Declaration of Geneva of the World Medical Association

Question 7

is based on research which ultimately must rest in part on experimentation involving human subjects

Answer 7

Medical progress

Question 8

to improve prophylactic, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and the understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of disease.

Answer 8

The primary purpose of medical research involving human subjects

Question 9

 Was issued in April 1979 by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research.

 The Commission, created as a result of the National Research Act of1974, was charged with identifying the basic ethical principles that should underlie the conduct of biomedical and behavioral research involving human subjects and developing guidelines to assure that such research is conducted in accordance with those principles

Answer 9

The Belmont Report

Question 10

The principles of Belmort report are:

Answer 10

Respect for Persons
Beneficence
Justice

Question 11

This principle acknowledges the dignity and freedom of every person. It requires obtaining informed consent from research subjects (or their legally authorized representatives)

Answer 11

Respect for Persons

Question 12

This principle requires that researchers maximize benefits and minimize harms associated with research. Research-related risks must be reasonable in light of the expected benefits

Answer 12

Beneficence

Question 13

This principle requires equitable selection and recruitment and treatment of research subjects.

Answer 13

Justice

Question 14

is a way of providing nursing care that is guided by the integration of the best available scientific knowledge with nursing expertise.

This approach requires nurses to critically assess relevant scientific data or research evidence and to implement high-quality interventions for their nursing practice (NLM PubMed).

Answer 14

EBP in nursing

Question 15

Need for EBP

Answer 15

 For making sure that each client gets the best possible services Update knowledge ad is essential for lifelong learning

 Provide clinical judgement. Improvement care provided and save lives.

 Providing practicing nurse the evidence based data to deliver effectivecare.

 Resolve problem in clinical setting

 Achieve excellence in care delivery

 Reduces the variations in nursing care and assist with effeicient andaffective decision making.

Question 16

 The debate that arises is whether evidence-based practice constitutes research orquality improvement.

 Is evidence-based practice subject to the same regulations in regards to protection of human subjects as nursing research?

 What are the ethical guidelines that should be followed when implementing evidence-based practice?

Answer 16

Ethical Issues

Question 17

The nurse practices with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity,worth, and unique attributes of every person.

Answer 17

Provision 1.

Question 18

The nurse’s primary commitment is to the patient, whether an individual,family, group, community, or population.

Answer 18

Provision 2.

Question 19

The nurse promotes, advocates for, and protects the rights, health, and safety of the patient.

Answer 19

Provision 3.

Question 20

The nurse has authority, accountability, and responsibility for nursing practice; makes decisions; and takes action consistent with the obligation to provide optimal patient care.

Answer 20

Provision 4

Question 21

The nurse owes the same duties to self as to others, including the responsibility to promote health and safety, preserve wholeness of character and integrity, maintain competence, and continue personal and professional growth.

Answer 21

Provision 5

Question 22

The nurse, through individual and collective effort, establishes, maintains,and improves the ethical environment of the work setting and conditions of employment that are conducive to safe, quality health care

Answer 22

Provision 6.

Question 23

The nurse, in all roles and settings, advances the profession through research and scholarly inquiry, professional standards development, and the generation of both nursing and health policy.

Answer 23

Provision 7

Question 24

The nurse collaborates with other health professionals and the public to protect human rights, promote health diplomacy, and reduce health disparities.

Answer 24

Provision 8.

Question 25

The profession of nursing, collectively through its professional organization, must articulate nursing values, maintain the integrity of the profession, and integrate principles of social justice into nursing and health policy

Answer 25

Provision 9.

Question 26

• is an international ethical and scientific quality standard for the design, conduct,performance, monitoring, auditing, recording, analyses and reporting of clinical trials.
• It also serves to protect the rights, integrity and confidentiality of trial subjects.
• GCP provides assurance that the data and reported results are credible and accurate, and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of trial subjects are respected and protected.

Answer 26

Good Clinical Practice (GCP)

Question 27

is the historical account of the patient/provider encounter and serves as a legal document for use in legal proceedings.

Answer 27

A patient’s medical record

Question 28

 Documentation demonstrates the clinician’s accountability and records theirprofessional practice.

 It may be used to determine responsibility of care providers and to resolve questions or concerns in relation to care required.

 The clinician’s documentation may be used in relation to performance, internal organizational inquiries and/or legal proceedings (such as civil lawsuits or coronial inquests)

Answer 28

Accountability

Question 29

it provides information in relation to clinical interventions, evaluates patient outcomes, patient care and is a concise record, essential for accurate research data and evidence based practice

Answer 29

Medical Record documentation

Question 30

GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR DOCUMENTATION

Answer 30

1. Comprehensive and complete record
2. Patient centered and Collaborative
3. Ensure and maintain confidentiality