Bioethics Prt 2 Flashcards
•_____ African American men from Macon County, Alabama were enlisted to partake in a scientific experiment on syphilis
• subjects were unaware of this and were simply told they were receiving treatment for bad blood
• ‘scientific racism’
Tuskegee syphilis study
600
INTERNATIONAL CODES
nuremberg code
Declaration of Helsinki
• 10 standards to which physicians must conform when carrying out experiments on human subjects
• enunciates the requirement of voluntary informed consent
• Nuremberg Code
• states that potential subjects should only give consent after being fully informed of the study’s setup, goals, and sources of funding; potential conflicts of interest; researcher affiliation(s); risks and benefits; and their right to withdraw
Declaration of Helsinki
• a medical or surgical procedure that deliberately ends a pregnancy before an embryo or fetus is born
• Pro: it is a woman’s right to have access to safe, legal abortions
• Against: religious or ethical reasons
• Roe v. Wade: ruled that the Constitution protects a woman’s right to an abortion through the end of the first trimester; introduced regulations for the second trimester and to ban abortion after the fetus has reached viability except in cases where the mother’s health is endangered
ABORTION
• remains illegal under all circumstances and is highly stigmatized
•____ abortions per 1,000 women of reproductive age in 2000
• In 2008, an estimated 1,000 maternal deaths in the Philippines were attributable to abortion complications
ABORTION IN THE PHILIPPINES
27
inability to afford the cost of raising a child or an additional child
• pregnancy would endanger their health
• their partner or another family member did not want or support the pregnancy
• result of forced sex
• In 2008, an estimated
ABORTION IN THE PHILIPPINES
• the practice of ending the life of a patient to limit the patient’s suffering
• Active: killing a patient by, for example, injecting a patient with a lethal dose of a drug
• Passive: intentionally letting a patient die by withholding artificial life support such as a ventilator or feeding tube
EUTHANASIA
• Pro: patients should have the right to do what they want with their own lives; patients who are in vegetative states with no prospect of recovery, letting them die prevents future needless and futile treatment efforts
• Against: killing is always wrong; violates an obligation to do no harm
EUTHANASIA
•________: the exploration of biodiversity for new biological resources of social and economic value
Bioprospecting
•_______: making use of local medicinal knowledge without acknowledging that it is indigenous intellectual property
Biopiracy
BIOPROSPECTING/BIOPIRACY
• ‘historically rooted in_____’
colonialism
: clarified the rights of indigenous people and local communities to control the use of intellectual property and to establish equitable benefit sharing
Rio Declaration
• specifically addresses the issue of bioprospecting and the rights of indigenous peoples to access to forest resources, intellectual property, and adequate compensation
NAGOYA PROTOCOL
• U.S. multinational corporation
W.R. Grace’s 1994 patent for a neem tree seed extract used in their antifungal spray, Neemex
• neem extracts had been used by rural farmers in India for more than 2,000 years in insect repellants, soaps and contraceptives
THE NEEM TREE CASE
• a movement that is aimed at improving the genetic composition of humanity
• advocated selective breeding to achieve these goals
EUGENICS
• technologies that make it possible to more directly alter the genetic composition of an individual
• American eugenicists focused on efforts to stop the transmission of negative or
• “undesirable” traits from
generation to generation
EUGENICS
• Cancer cells from Henrietta Lacks which became the first human “cell line”
• Her surgeon took a tissue biopsy of her cancerous womb without her knowledge or consent and was passed to cancer researchers in the same hospital who were astonished by the ability of the cells to replicate in laboratory culture
HELA CELLS
some 70,000 studies have been published involving the use of______
• Including the creation of the first polio vaccine, the identification of HIV, and the link between human papilloma virus and cervical cancer
HeLa cells
• an appeal of scientists aiming at the legal equalization of the non-human. great apes (3) with man
THE GREAT APE PROJECT
chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans
securing three basic rights for all great apes:
• The Right of Life
• The Protection of Individual Liberty
• The Prohibition of Torture
• the misuse of psychiatric diagnosis, treatment and detention for the purposes of obstructing the fundamental human rights of certain individuals and groups in society
• abuses of the human rights of those politically opposed to the state are often hidden under the guise of psychiatric treatment
POLITICAL ABUSE OF
PSYCHIATRY
• Sending people to a psychiatric institution is particularly practical
• declaring a person mentally ill provides a perfect opportunity not to respond to their political or religious convictions
POLITICAL ABUSE OF
PSYCHIATRY
• development of the concept of ‘sluggish schizophrenia’ by Dr Andrei Snezhnevsky, the director of the Institute of Psychiatry for the Soviet Union
• Also developed ‘reformist delusions”, which was a form of
paranoid schizophrenia
• Main hospital: Serbski Institute for Forensic Psychiatry in Moscow
PAP IN THE USSR
• Pyotr Chaadayev was imprisoned by Tsar Nicholas I after publishing an article criticizing the backwardness of Russian society
• Vasily Mikaelovich Stetsik, editor of the journal that contained articles critical of the authorities, was beaten, jailed, and then sent to a psychiatric hospital
CASES OF PAP
• Sergei Ablamsky, a lawyer who accused a local prosecutor of corruption, was taken in handcuffs to a psychiatric institution where he was detained for 4 weeks
• Marina Kalashnikova, a journalist who published articles critical of the Russian Government, was forcibly incarcerated in a psychiatric clinic for 35 days and was poisoned with mercury
CASES OF PAP
• is particularly unique among the specialties of the medical profession in that it has the power to remove liberty
Psychiatry
can occur in more democratic systems, but such abuse can be ameliorated and weakened by a strong active and aware professional body of mental health professionals
Political abuse of psychiatry
_______DECLARATION
• Issued by the______
• “The Psychiatrist must never use his professional possibilities to violate the dignity or human rights of any individual or group and should never let inappropriate personal desires or feelings prejudices or beliefs interfere with the treatment. The psychiatrist must on no account utilize the tools of his profession once the absence of psychiatric illness has been established. If a patient or some third-party demand contrary to scientific knowledge or ethical principle, the psychiatrist must refuse to cooperate.
HAWAII
World Psychiatric Association
