BIOERG1 Flashcards
Father of Biomechanics
Giovanni Alfonso Borelli
The study and optimization of the interaction between people and their physical environment by considering their physical, physiological, and psychological characteristics.
Ergonomics
Introduced the “scientific” study of work
Frederick Taylor
Ergonomics comes from _________ and ________.
Ergon = work
Nomos = laws
“The laws of work”
Concerns the application of ergonomics principles specifically to the workplace and related tasks.
Occupational Ergonomics
Six Pillars of Ergonomic Design
- User Orientation
- Diversity
- Effect on Humans
- Objective Data
- Scientific Method
- Systems
Part of the eye that allows for the passage of light into the eye and it also focuses the light
Cornea
Part of the eye that acts as the hole where light enters into the eye; black hole in iris
Pupil
When the eye needs more light to enter (when it is dark), the pupil becomes _________ .
Larger
When the eye needs less light to enter (when it is bright), the pupil becomes _________ .
Smaller
Part of the eye that controls light entering; colored part of the eye
Iris
A tough white skin (made of tissue) that covers all of the eyeball except the cornea; the white part of the eye
Sclera
Part of the eye that allows us to see objects far and near
Lens
Part of the eye that converts light to electrical signals
Retina
Transmits electrical impulses from the retina to the brain
Optic Nerve
The process of focusing on targets at various distances
Accommodation
Light falling on a surface.
Illuminance
A measure of light reflected from a surface.
Luminance
A number which varies from 0 to 1; refers to the fraction of the total radiant flux incident upon a surface
Reflectance
Bright points or areas within the field of vision
Glare
A device that measures luminance and illuminance
Photometer
Unwanted Sound; measured in decibels
Noise
A temporary loss of hearing after
exposure to sound; an acute effect of noise
Auditory fatigue
Perception of noise or ringing in the ears
Tinnitus
The time-weighted energy average of
noise levels to which the person is exposed, normalized to an eight-hour
working shift
Personal Noise Exposure
Three Important Senses in Aviation Human Factors
- Visual Sense
- Vestibular Sense
- Kinesthetic Sense
Somatic Senses (Fill in the following):
Touch pressure =
Temperature =
Pain =
Mechano receptor
Thermo receptor
Noci receptor
System of balance, membraneous and boney labyrinth embedded in the petrous bone
Vestibular Sense
The (motion) position
and movement of
the limbs
Kinesthesis
An onion-shaped
structure of nonneural
(connective) tissue
built up around the
nerve ending that
reduces the mechanical
sensitivity of the nerve
terminal itself
Pacinian corpuscles
Caused by machinery vibration
passing through the buttocks of seated
people or the feet of standing people
Whole Body Vibration
Study of human body measurement for use in anthropological classification and
comparison. Application of scientific physical measurement methods to human subjects to develop
engineering standards.
Anthropometry
Sources of Anthropometric Variability
Age
Gender
Culture
Occupation
Secular Trends
Envionmental
Body planes in Anthropometry
- Sagittal plane - divides the body into left and right
- Transverse/Axial Plane - divides the body into superior and inferior parts
- Coronal Plane - divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Leonardo da Vinci’s
model of a well-
proportioned male
Vitruvian Man
True or Flase. In anthropometry, 95th
percentile means large people and 5th percentile means small people.
True
Make allowance in the design value
of the dimension; consider a high percentile
Clearance
Usually determined by the smallest
person (ex. 5th percentile)
Reach
Encompasses the entire
work area accessed by
a worker when
performing a specific
task or job cycle.
Workstation
A survey for workplaces where work-related upper disorders are reported; assesses the posture mainly the neck, trunk, and upper limbs
RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment)
A means to assess posture for risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders; divides the body into segments and scores each segment.
REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment)
A type of condition where the musculoskeletal system is affected
Musculoskeletal Disorder
Is characterized by an excessive curve of the upper back that forms a hump, and is accompanied by the rounding of shoulders forwards.
Postural Kyphosis
Impingement of the median nerve caused by irritation and swelling of the tendons in the carpal tunnel
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Inflammation of the flexor and extensor tendons surrounding the joint; Affects the wrist and thumb
De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis (wrist tendonitis)
A portion of the spinal disc pushes outside its normal boundary; cause for extreme back pain.
Herniated Disc
Study of physical actions and forces
Mechanics
Description of motion (e.g, how fast, how high, etc.) without consideration given to its mass or the forces acting on it.
Kinematics
The study of forces associated with motion.
Kinetics
Science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces
Biomechanics
Refers to those forces that are imposed on the body as a result of gravity acting upon an external object being manipulated by the worker.
External Loads
Contributes most to the cumulative trauma of the musculoskeletal system during work.
Internal Loads
In the following question:
How much torque needs to be produced to move 45 kg when the RA is 0.25 m and the FA is 0.1 meters?
What formula should be used to solve the problem?
F x FA = R x RA
An equation that aims to assist safety
and health practitioners evaluate
lifting demands in sagittal plane; can be used by occupational health practitioners to compute weight limits
NIOSH Equation for Lifting
Formula for Load Constant (LC)
23 kg (constant)
Formula for Hortizontal Multiplier (HM)
25/H; H = horizontal location of the hands from the midpoint between the ankles at the start and end points of the lift.
Formula for Vertical Multiplier (VM)
1-(0.003|V-75|); V= vertical location
(height) of the hands above the floor at the start and end points of the lift.
Formula for Distance Multiplier (DM)
0.82 + (4.5/D); D = vertical
distance from the start and end points of the lift (|Destination V - Origin V|)
Formula for Angle Multiplier (AM)
1-(0.0032A); A= angle
Formula for Lifting Index (LI)
LI = Actual Weight of the Object (W) / Recommended Weight Limit (RWL)
Formula for Coupling Multiplier (CM)
Assess it based on how well the person wraps their fingers around the object
Formula for Frequency Multiplier (FM)
Refer to the Table with work duration and lifts/ min.
Formula for Noise Dose
100 x ( C1/T1 + C2/T2 + ….. Cn/Tn)
Cn = Number of hours
Formula for Tn
Tn = 8 / 2 ^ ((L- 90)/5)
Formula for TWA
16.61 log ( Noise Dose / 100 ) + 90
For an 8 hour exposure, the acceptable rage based on NIOSH standards is less than _______ dBA
85
