Bioenergetics (Lec 5)

Question 1

Kinases

Answer 1

Enzyme that adds phosphate group/s to the substrate in a reaction (e.g. Creatine Kinase)

Question 2

Dehydrogenases

Answer 2

Enzyme that removes hydrogen from the substrate in a reaction (e.g. Lactase Dehydrogenase)

Question 3

Rate Limiting Enzymes

Answer 3

An enzyme that regulates the rate of a metabolic pathway, modulated by levels of ATP and ADP-Pi

Question 4

ATP Hydrolysis

Answer 4

ATP -> ADP + P + Free energy for biological work, the enzyme ATPase breaks the chemical bond of ATP

Question 5

Phosphocreatine System (ATP-CP)

Answer 5

Energy source for energy lasting 5-10 secs for muscle contraction, immediate source of ATP that doesn’t require O2
• Energy rich phosphate bond stored within muscle fibre

Question 6

Glycogenesis

Answer 6

Formation of glycogen from glucose

Question 7

Glyconeogenesis

Answer 7

Formation of glycogen from substrates other than glucose

Question 8

Glycogenolysis

Answer 8

Breakdown of glycogen

Question 9

Electron Carrier Molecules

Answer 9

− Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)

− Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Question 10

Predominant Energy Pathways

Answer 10

1. ATP (seconds)
2. ATP-CP (seconds)
3. ATP-CP & Glycolysis (minutes)
4. Oxidative Phosphorylation (hours)
5. Aerobic Fatty Acids (hours)

Question 11

ATP Replenishment

Answer 11

Repletion occurs rapidly via
– ATP-PC (phosphocreatine/creatine phosphate)
– Lactic acid system
– Aerobic system

Question 12

Glycolysis

Answer 12

The breakdown of glucose or glycogen to form pyruvate that occurs within the sarcoplasm (outside the mitochondria)

Question 13

2 Phases of Glycolysis

Answer 13

1. Energy Investment Phase

2. Energy Generation Phase

Question 14

Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase

Answer 14

Glucose transformed into Fructose-1,6-biphosphate, expends 2 ATP

Question 15

Glycolysis: Energy Generation Phase

Answer 15

1 Fructose-1,6-biphosphate transformed into 2 Pyruvate molecules, 4 ATP produced, 2 NADH produced