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Evolutionary Bio > BIOEE 1780 PRELIM 1 FLASHCARDS > Flashcards

BIOEE 1780 PRELIM 1 FLASHCARDS

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Fossil

A

remains or traces of once living organisms

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2
Q

Lagerstätten

A

storage place

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3
Q

Burgess Shale

A

preservation of soft tissues by rapid, burial, anoxic conditions

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4
Q

Absolute Dating

A

determining the number of years that have elapsed since an event occurred or the specific time when that event occurred

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5
Q

Relative dating

A

rocks and structures are placed in chronological order, establishing the age of one thing as older or younger than another

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6
Q

geologic time scale

A

contains the eras and periods within the Phanerozoic Era

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7
Q

superposition

A

in an undeformed sequence, the oldest rocks are at the bottom and the youngest rocks are at the top

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8
Q

lateral continuity

A

layers continue laterally over distances

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9
Q

original horizontality

A

layers of the strata are deposited horizontally, or nearly horizontally and parallel or nearly parallel to the earth’s surface.

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10
Q

cross-cutting

A

any geologic feature that cross cuts across strata must have formed after the rocks they cut through were deposited

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11
Q

index fossil

A

a fossil that can be used to determine the age of the strata in which it is found and to help correlate between rock units

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12
Q

carbon dating

A

Parent is C-14 daughter is N-14. half life of the parent is 5,730
Effective dating range: 100- 100,000

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13
Q

uranium-lead dating

A

Parent isotope: U-235, Daughter Isotope: Pb-207, half life of parent: 71.3 million, effective dating range: 10 million- 4.6 billion.

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14
Q

potassium-argon dating

A

radiometric dating technique that uses the decay of 39K and 40Ar in potassium bearing minerals to determine the absolute age.

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15
Q

Precambrian and Phanerozoic Eons

A

cambrian, ordovician, silurian, devonian, carboniferous, permian

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16
Q

Eras and Periods within Phanerozoic

A

Paleozioc, Mesozoic, cenozoic

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17
Q

Phylogeny

A

visual representation of the evolutionary history of populations, genes, or species

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18
Q

Tips

A

descendents of the ancestor

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19
Q

Branches

A

lineage evolving through time that connects successive speciation or other branching events

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20
Q

Nodes

A

point in a phylogeny where a lineage splits

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21
Q

internal nodes

A

node that occurs within a phylogeny and represents populations or species

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22
Q

monophyletic

A

describes a group of organisms that form a clade

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23
Q

clade

A

is a single branch in the tree of life, each clade represents an organism and all its descendants

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24
Q

paraphyletic

A

describes a group of organisms that share a common ancestor

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25
Q

outgroup

A

group of organisms that is outside of the monophyletic group being considered.

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26
Q

taxon (taxa)

A

group of organisms that a taxonomist judges to be a cohesive taxonomic unit, such as a species or order.

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27
Q

MRCA

A

nodes indicate tge most recent common ancestor and the root is the most recent common ancestor of the whole taxa

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28
Q

character

A

heritable aspect of organisms that can be compared across taxa

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29
Q

synapomorphy

A

a trait that arose in the ancestor of a phylogenetic group and is present in all of its members (shared derived trait)

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30
Q

homoplasy

A

presence in multiple groups of a trait that is not inherited from the common ancestor of those groups.

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31
Q

convergent evolution

A

independent origin of similar traits on separate evolutionary lineages

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32
Q

evolutionary reversal

A

describes the reversion of a derived character state to form resembling its ancestral state

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33
Q

vestigial

A

trait that is less elaborate than its ancestor

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34
Q

synapomorphy

A

trait that arose in the ancestor of a phylogenetic group and is present in all of its members (shared derived trait)

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35
Q

closely related species

A

will have more similar DNA sequences

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36
Q

distantly related species

A

will have different DNA sequences

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37
Q

Slowly evolving characters

A

can show relationships between distantly related taxa

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38
Q

rapidly evolving characters

A

can reveal relationships between closely related taxa

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39
Q

edges

A

line in the tree diagram

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40
Q

cladogram

A

branching order or topology (length has no meaning)

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41
Q

Phylogram

A

cladogram with branch length that reflect the amount of evolutionary change (scaled to reflect the number of nucleotide changes in the phylogram

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42
Q

Chronogram

A

types of cladogram with branch lengths that are calibrated to real time; nodes indicate estimated ages of ancestors

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43
Q

Synapomorphy

A

indicated next to a clade in brackets

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44
Q

Saurischian Clade

A

contains sauropods and the theropods

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45
Q

Ornthischian dinosaurs

A

pubis bone points posteriorly

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46
Q

Saurischian Dinosaurs

A

pubis bone points anteriorly

47
Q

Symplesiomorphy

A

shared ancestral character or trait, count the number of nodes

48
Q

Critical Principle

A

any portion of the tree can be rotated around a node without changing teh topology of a tree

49
Q

Paraphylyl

A

common pattern observed in phylogenetic forensics

50
Q

index Case

A

source of outbreak

51
Q

LUCA

A
52
Q

Bacteria

A

are one of the two prokaryotic domains of life. Includes organisms such as E.coli and other familiar microbes

53
Q

Archaea

A

one of the two prokaryotic domains of life. resembles bacteria, but they are distinguished by a number of unique biochemical features.

54
Q

Prokaryote

A

microorganism lacking a cell nucleus or any other membrane bound organelles. Have two evolutionarily distinct groups, bacteria and archaea

55
Q

Spirochetes

A
56
Q

Chlamydias

A

small obligate parasites; unique reproductive cycle; elementary bodies and reticulate bodies; eye infections, STDs

57
Q

Proteobacteria

A

E coli, Yersinia pestis, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella; gave rise to mitochondria via endosymbiosis.

58
Q

cynaobacteria

A

photosynthetic; gave rise to chloroplasts via endosymbiosis

59
Q

E. coli

A

Bacteria and Proteobacteria

60
Q

Stromatolite

A

provide physical evidence of life (fossils of bacteria from 3.7 Bya)

61
Q

All life shares

A

RNA or DNA, codons for amino acids, shared biochemical pathways, membrane bound cellular organization, LUCA

62
Q

Endosymbiosis for Mitochondria

A

1 original proteobacterium and one from eukaryotic cell engulfed it.

63
Q

Endosymbiosis for Chloroplasts

A

have 2 membranes, one is the original cyanobacterium membrane and one is from eukaryotic cell.

64
Q

Primary endosymbiosis

A

Glaucophyles, Red algae, Green Algae, land plants engulfed a cyanobacterium

65
Q

Secondary endosymbiosis of Green Algae

A

gave rise to Euglenid Chloroplasts

66
Q

Secondary endosymbiosis of Red Algae

A

gave rise to stramenopile and Alveolate Chloroplasts

67
Q

Teritary Endosymbiosis

A

Eukaryotes with chloroplasts from secondary endosymbiosis of a red algae: dinoflagellates

68
Q

Alveolates

A

Endosymbiosis: secondary, red algae
Physical Traits: membrane sacs
Subgroups: dinoflagellates, cilliates, paramecium, plasmodium

69
Q

cilliates

A

Physical traits: covered with cilia
Subgroups: Paramecium

70
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

Endosymbiosis: teritary, red algae
Physical traits: 2 flagella, one equatorial, one longitudinal
Disease/ Ecology: Red tide, bioluminescence, symbionts of coral

71
Q

Plasmodium

A

Physical traits:
complex of proteins at the apical prominence
Disease: malaria

72
Q

Stramenopiles

A

Endo: secondary, red algae
Physical traits: 2 unequal flagella, one with tubular hairs
Subgroups:
brown algae, blatoms

73
Q

Brown algae

A

Endo: secondary, red algae
Physical traits: multicellular
Disease/ Ecology: kelp forests

74
Q

Diatoms

A

Endosymbiosis: secondary, red algae
physical traits: silica shells
Exacavates: none expcept for euglends
Physical traits: reduced/ lost mitochondria
Disease: Trypansoma
Sidegroups: Giardia, Euglenids, Trypansoma

75
Q

Euglenids

A

Endo: secondary, green algae

76
Q

trypansoma

A

physical traits: single, large mitochondrian
Disease/ Ecology: sleeping, sickness, chagas, disease, Leishmaniasis

77
Q

Amoebozoans

A

Physical traits: lope shaped, pseudopods
Side groups: Amoeba, slime molds.

78
Q

Glaucophytes

A

unicellular algae at the base of the plant clade

79
Q

“Green Algae”

A

terrestrial land plants

80
Q

Red algae

A

unicellular and multicellular- do not have chlorphyll b or starch which excludes them from green plants

81
Q

Green Plants

A
82
Q

Land Plants (Liver worts and Mosses)

A
83
Q

Non vascular land plants

A

land plants that lack specialized vascular tissues for the conduction of water or nutrients through plant body. There are three living groups of nonvascular land plants: liver worts, horn worts, and mosses.

84
Q

Vascular plants

A

large sporophyte, vascular system of phloem and xylem which transport water and nutrients and provide structural support so the plant can grow taller.

85
Q

Lycophytes

A

has microphyllis and leaves with single vein.
Are now small but they used to be giant trees in the carboniferous

86
Q

Ferns

A

very diverse forms (trees) and habitats (desert to aquatic)

87
Q

Seed Plants

A

Plants form seeds and that trait is what the synapormorphy that unites them.

88
Q

Gymnosperms

A

produces haploid spores and a haploid gametophyte stage that produces haploid gamete

89
Q

Angiosperms (flowering plants)

A

which fuse during fertilization and form a diploid zygote that develops into the diploid sporophyte

90
Q

Stomata

A

small opnening in the plant epidermis that permits gas exchange; bounded by a [air of guard cells, the osmotic status of which regulates the size of the opening.

91
Q

Chlorophylls a and b

A
92
Q

waxy cuticle

A

in plants, a waxy later on the pouter body surface that retards water.

93
Q

Alternation of generations

A

the succession of multicellular haploid and diploid phases in some sexually reproducing organisms, notably plants

94
Q

haploid

A

having a chromosome complement consisting of just one copy of each chromosome

95
Q

diploid

A

having a chromosome complement consisting of two copies of each chromosome. Designated 2n.

96
Q

sporophyte

A

in plants and protists with alternation of gen, the diploid phase the produces spores.

97
Q

spore

A

any asexual reproductive cell capable of developing into an adult organism without gametic fusion.

98
Q

gametophyte

A

in plants and photosynthetic protists with alternation of generations, the multicellular haploid phase that produces the gametes

99
Q

gamete

A

the mature sexual reproductive cell; the egg or the sperm

100
Q

microphylls

A

a small leaf with a single vein, found in club mosses and their relatives

101
Q

megaphylls

A

a generally large leaf of a fern, horse tail, or seedplan, with several to many veins

102
Q

seed

A

a fertilized ripened ovule of a gymnosperm or angiosperm. Consists of the embryo, nutritive tissue and seed coat.

103
Q

enclosed seed

A
104
Q

naked seed

A
105
Q

xylem

A

brings water and nutrients up from the roots

106
Q

phloem

A

distrubites the products of photosynthesis

107
Q

pollen

A

in seed plants, microscopic grains that contain the m,ale gametophyte and gamete

108
Q

double fertilization

A

one sperm will fertilize the egg, another sperm will fuse with 2 nuclei to make a triploid (3n) endosperm

109
Q

stamen

A

a male unit of a flower, composed of an anther, which bear the pollen, and a filament, which is a stalk supporting the anther

110
Q

anther

A

a pollen bearing portion of the stamen of a flower

111
Q

ovary

A

a female organ, in plants or animals, that produces ova.

112
Q

fruit

A

A fruit derived from a single ovary

113
Q

primary chloroplast

A

organelle bounded by a double membrane containing the enzymes and pigments that perform photosynthesis. Only occurs in eukaryotes

114
Q

endosperm

A

Evolutionary Bio (14 decks)

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