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2ND YEAR MIDTERMS > BIOE: EPIDEMIOLOGY > Flashcards

BIOE: EPIDEMIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

_______ is the study of the distribution and
determinants of health-related states or events in
specified populations, and the application of this study
to the control of health problems.”

A

Epidemiology

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2
Q

: people

A

Demos:

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2
Q

: on or upon

A

Epi

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3
Q

: study of

A

Logos

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4
Q

Descriptive epidemiology [what you’re seeing in the
news]

A

Distribution

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5
Q

Analytical epidemiology [a branch of epidemiology
that is about the causes; root cause; how and whys]

A

Determinants

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6
Q
  • Infectious diseases, chronic disease, environmental
    problems, behavioral problems, and injuries.
A

Health-related states

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7
Q

Groups of people rather than with individual
patients

A

Population

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8
Q

Systematically gather information about what
happened

A

Summary

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9
Q
  • Applied or field epidemiology
A

Control

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10
Q
  • How are cases of the condition of interest spread
A

Disease Distribution

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11
Q
  • What risk factors or antecedent events are
    associated with the appearance of a disease or
    condition
A

Disease Determinants

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12
Q

How many cases of the condition occur over a given
time period.

A

Disease Frequency

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13
Q

THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIANGLE
– affected and affects host and agent.

A

Environment

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14
Q

THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIANGLE
– can be biological, mechanical, physiological, or
chemical agents that will affect the host

A

Agent

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15
Q

THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIANGLE
– can be a person or animal

A

HOST

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16
Q

Disease was due to

A

evil spirits

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17
Q
  • Associate disease with the physical environment
A

Filth Theory

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18
Q
  • Was the cause of fever
  • Building huge fires can purify the air
A

bad air

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19
Q
  • The one that we believe today
  • Disease is due to microscopic forms of life
A

Germ or Bacteriological Theory

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20
Q

There are a lot of factors causing a disease

A

Concept of Multiple Causation

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21
Q

TYPES OF AGENTS
This could be living or non-living things, physical or
mechanical in nature such as extremes of temperature,
light, electricity,

A

TRU

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22
Q

TYPES OF AGENTS
hey could be chemicals – endogenous (within the
body) or exogenous (poison)

A

TRU

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23
Q

Agent is any element, substance or force whether living
or non-living thing; presence or absence can initiate or
perpetuate a disease process.

A

TRU

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24
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF AGENT OF DISEASE
– physical feature, biological
requirement, chemical composition, resistance

A

Inherent characteristics

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25
Q

– refers
to the reservoir and source of infection and modes of
transmission.

A

Characteristic in relation to the environment

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26
Q
  • Characteristics directly related to man
    – ability to gain access and adapt to the
    human host to the extent of finding lodgment and
    multiplication
A

Infectivity

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27
Q
  • Characteristics directly related to man
    -measures the ability of agent when
    lodged in the body set up a specific reaction
A

Pathogenicity

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28
Q

– refers to the severity of the reaction
produce and is usually measured in terms of fatality

A

Virulence –

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29
Q

ability to stimulate the host to
produce antibody

A

Antigenicity –

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30
Q

MODES OF TRANSMISSION
Immediate transfer of infectious agent; receptive portal of entry

A

Direct Transmission

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31
Q
  • There is an contaminated inanimate object before it
    goes to the host
A

Indirect Transmission

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32
Q

– from other living organisms (Ex.
Insects)

A

Vector-borne

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33
Q

– contaminated inanimate objects or
materials

A

Vehicle Borne

34
Q

Dissemination of microbial aerosols to suitable
portal of entry usually the respiratory tract

A

AIRBORNE

35
Q

o Usually small residues which result from
evaporation of fluid from droplets emitted
by an infected host

A

DROPLET

36
Q

There are dust particles that carry diseases
than can be transmitted to individuals.

A

DUST

37
Q

THE HOST FACTOR OF DISEASE
- Elderly are more vulnerable than children

A

AGE

38
Q
  • Females are vulnerable to have cervical cancer
    because they are the only ones who have cervix
  • Males are vulnerable in acquiring prostate cancer
A

SEX

39
Q
  • This is the total property of an individual to protect
    himself from an infectious agent.
A

IMMUNITY

40
Q

– what has been introduced to the individual is
the antigen

A

ACTIVE

41
Q

– when what has been introduced to the body is
already antibodies

A

PASSIVE

42
Q

HERD IMMUNITY
_______ of a group to invasion and spread of an
infectious agent based on the immunity of a high
proportion of individual members of the group.

A

“resistance”

43
Q

COMMUNITY REACTIONS TO AGENT
- Intermittent presence of a disease

A

Sporadic

44
Q
  • Constant presence of a disease within a
    geographical area.
  • Malaria in Palawan
A

ENDEMIC

45
Q

Occurrence in a community of cases of an illness
clearly in excess of normal expectancy

A

Epidemic (Outbreak)

46
Q

An outbreak of exceptional proportion spreading
quickly from one area to another;

A

PANDEMIC

47
Q

– sum total of an organism’s external
surrounding conditions and influences that affects its
life and development.

A

Environment

48
Q

NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE
* “Progression of disease process in an individual over
time, in the absence of treatment” – CDC

A

tRUE

49
Q

Include the stage of susceptibility and the stage of
subclinical disease

A

Period of Pre-Pathogenesis

50
Q
  • Include the stage of Clinical disease and outcome
A

Period of Pathogenesis

51
Q

Failure leads to pathogenesis [subclinical, clinical,
outcome]

A

ADAPTATION

52
Q

LEVELS OF PREVENTION
Before risk factors; before the stage of
susceptibility; preventing risk factors

A

PRIMORDIAL

53
Q

LEVELS OF PREVENTION
Pre-pathogenesis; risk factors are
already present; prevent further risk
factors; manage the risk factors that are
existing

A

PRIMARY

54
Q

LEVELS OF PREVENTION
Subclinical or very early clinical; already
experiencing signs and symptoms;
diagnose and treat the disease

A

SECONDARY

55
Q

LEVELS OF PREVENTION
Middle to late clinical; complications are
present; prevent further disabilities and
complications

A

TERTIARY

56
Q

GENERAL TYPES OF DATA
collected by the researcher firsthand

A

PRIMARY DATA

57
Q

data we’re using are signs and symptoms

A

CLINICAL

58
Q

derived from another source that may
have other objectives for collecting the data

A

SECONDARY DATA

59
Q

– data we’re using to classify diseases are the
causes

A

Etiologic –

60
Q

DATA QUALITY AND UTILITY
- Vital statistics, registries surveys

A

Nature of the Data

61
Q

DATA QUALITY AND UTILITY
Accessibility to the researcher

A

Availability of the Data

62
Q

DATA QUALITY AND UTILITY
- Representativeness

A

Completeness of population coverage

63
Q

DATA QUALITY AND UTILITY
- Usefulness

A

Vale and limitations

64
Q

Defects or changes in
- Classification of diseases or causes of death

A

SYSTEM ERROR

65
Q

Categorizing each subject into 2 or more mutually
exclusive groups

A

CLASSIFICATION (LABELS)

66
Q

A number or label assigned to empirical properties of a
variable according to rules

A

MEASUREMENT

67
Q

The fewer or smaller the errors, the better the
measurements

A

QUALITY OF MEASUREMENTS

68
Q

Pre-requisite for making measurements

A

OPERATIONAL DEFINTION

69
Q
  • Observer: examiner, interviewer
A

SOURCES OF ERRORS

70
Q

Differences or changes in the diagnostic criteria used by
most clinicians

A

OBSERVER ERROR

71
Q

SUBJECT ERROR
* Recall problems
* Unwillingness to disclose
information

A

BEHAVIORAL

72
Q

INDICATORS OF A VARIABLE
- Obvious and has one indicator

A

SINGLE

73
Q

INDICATORS OF A VARIABLE
- Not so obvious and can have multiple indicators

A

Composite

74
Q

: the extent to which the measurements
obtained are reproducible or repeatable

A

Reliability:

75
Q

the extent to which measurements reflect the
true values of the theoretical factors that the observed
variable is supposed to measure

A

Validity:

76
Q

proportion of people labelled positive by the
test among those with the disease

A

Sensitivity

77
Q

proportion of people labelled negative by
the test among those without the disease

A

Specificity

78
Q

: proportion of people who tested
positive who have the disease

A

Predictive value (+):

79
Q

proportion of people who tested
negative among those without the diseasE

A

Predictive value (-)

80
Q

RELIABILITY
- Across 2 or more observer

A
  • Inter-observer quality
81
Q

RELIABILITY
Within the same person looking at the same data,
giving same results

A

Intra-observer quality

82
Q

RELIABILITY
Similarity among items of a composite measure

A

Internal consistency (abstract factors)

83
Q
A

2ND YEAR MIDTERMS (6 decks)

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