BIOE: EPIDEMIOLOGY Flashcards
1
Q
_______ is the study of the distribution and
determinants of health-related states or events in
specified populations, and the application of this study
to the control of health problems.”
A
Epidemiology
2
Q
: people
A
Demos:
2
Q
: on or upon
A
Epi
3
Q
: study of
A
Logos
4
Q
Descriptive epidemiology [what you’re seeing in the
news]
A
Distribution
5
Q
Analytical epidemiology [a branch of epidemiology
that is about the causes; root cause; how and whys]
A
Determinants
6
Q
- Infectious diseases, chronic disease, environmental
problems, behavioral problems, and injuries.
A
Health-related states
7
Q
Groups of people rather than with individual
patients
A
Population
8
Q
Systematically gather information about what
happened
A
Summary
9
Q
- Applied or field epidemiology
A
Control
10
Q
- How are cases of the condition of interest spread
A
Disease Distribution
11
Q
- What risk factors or antecedent events are
associated with the appearance of a disease or
condition
A
Disease Determinants
12
Q
How many cases of the condition occur over a given
time period.
A
Disease Frequency
13
Q
THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIANGLE
– affected and affects host and agent.
A
Environment
14
Q
THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIANGLE
– can be biological, mechanical, physiological, or
chemical agents that will affect the host
A
Agent
15
Q
THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIANGLE
– can be a person or animal
A
HOST
16
Q
Disease was due to
A
evil spirits
17
Q
- Associate disease with the physical environment
A
Filth Theory
18
Q
- Was the cause of fever
- Building huge fires can purify the air
A
bad air
19
Q
- The one that we believe today
- Disease is due to microscopic forms of life
A
Germ or Bacteriological Theory
20
Q
There are a lot of factors causing a disease
A
Concept of Multiple Causation
21
Q
TYPES OF AGENTS
This could be living or non-living things, physical or
mechanical in nature such as extremes of temperature,
light, electricity,
A
TRU
22
Q
TYPES OF AGENTS
hey could be chemicals – endogenous (within the
body) or exogenous (poison)
A
TRU
23
Q
Agent is any element, substance or force whether living
or non-living thing; presence or absence can initiate or
perpetuate a disease process.
A
TRU
24
CHARACTERISTICS OF AGENT OF DISEASE
– physical feature, biological
requirement, chemical composition, resistance
Inherent characteristics
25
– refers
to the reservoir and source of infection and modes of
transmission.
Characteristic in relation to the environment
26
* Characteristics directly related to man
– ability to gain access and adapt to the
human host to the extent of finding lodgment and
multiplication
Infectivity
27
* Characteristics directly related to man
-measures the ability of agent when
lodged in the body set up a specific reaction
Pathogenicity
28
– refers to the severity of the reaction
produce and is usually measured in terms of fatality
Virulence –
29
ability to stimulate the host to
produce antibody
Antigenicity –
30
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
Immediate transfer of infectious agent; receptive portal of entry
Direct Transmission
31
- There is an contaminated inanimate object before it
goes to the host
Indirect Transmission
32
– from other living organisms (Ex.
Insects)
Vector-borne
33
– contaminated inanimate objects or
materials
Vehicle Borne
34
Dissemination of microbial aerosols to suitable
portal of entry usually the respiratory tract
AIRBORNE
35
o Usually small residues which result from
evaporation of fluid from droplets emitted
by an infected host
DROPLET
36
There are dust particles that carry diseases
than can be transmitted to individuals.
DUST
37
THE HOST FACTOR OF DISEASE
- Elderly are more vulnerable than children
AGE
38
- Females are vulnerable to have cervical cancer
because they are the only ones who have cervix
- Males are vulnerable in acquiring prostate cancer
SEX
39
* This is the total property of an individual to protect
himself from an infectious agent.
IMMUNITY
40
– what has been introduced to the individual is
the antigen
ACTIVE
41
– when what has been introduced to the body is
already antibodies
PASSIVE
42
HERD IMMUNITY
_______ of a group to invasion and spread of an
infectious agent based on the immunity of a high
proportion of individual members of the group.
“resistance”
43
COMMUNITY REACTIONS TO AGENT
- Intermittent presence of a disease
Sporadic
44
- Constant presence of a disease within a
geographical area.
- Malaria in Palawan
ENDEMIC
45
Occurrence in a community of cases of an illness
clearly in excess of normal expectancy
Epidemic (Outbreak)
46
An outbreak of exceptional proportion spreading
quickly from one area to another;
PANDEMIC
47
– sum total of an organism’s external
surrounding conditions and influences that affects its
life and development.
Environment
48
NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE
* “Progression of disease process in an individual over
time, in the absence of treatment” – CDC
tRUE
49
Include the stage of susceptibility and the stage of
subclinical disease
Period of Pre-Pathogenesis
50
- Include the stage of Clinical disease and outcome
Period of Pathogenesis
51
Failure leads to pathogenesis [subclinical, clinical,
outcome]
ADAPTATION
52
LEVELS OF PREVENTION
Before risk factors; before the stage of
susceptibility; preventing risk factors
PRIMORDIAL
53
LEVELS OF PREVENTION
Pre-pathogenesis; risk factors are
already present; prevent further risk
factors; manage the risk factors that are
existing
PRIMARY
54
LEVELS OF PREVENTION
Subclinical or very early clinical; already
experiencing signs and symptoms;
diagnose and treat the disease
SECONDARY
55
LEVELS OF PREVENTION
Middle to late clinical; complications are
present; prevent further disabilities and
complications
TERTIARY
56
GENERAL TYPES OF DATA
collected by the researcher firsthand
PRIMARY DATA
57
data we’re using are signs and symptoms
CLINICAL
58
derived from another source that may
have other objectives for collecting the data
SECONDARY DATA
59
– data we’re using to classify diseases are the
causes
Etiologic –
60
DATA QUALITY AND UTILITY
- Vital statistics, registries surveys
Nature of the Data
61
DATA QUALITY AND UTILITY
Accessibility to the researcher
Availability of the Data
62
DATA QUALITY AND UTILITY
- Representativeness
Completeness of population coverage
63
DATA QUALITY AND UTILITY
- Usefulness
Vale and limitations
64
Defects or changes in
- Classification of diseases or causes of death
SYSTEM ERROR
65
Categorizing each subject into 2 or more mutually
exclusive groups
CLASSIFICATION (LABELS)
66
A number or label assigned to empirical properties of a
variable according to rules
MEASUREMENT
67
The fewer or smaller the errors, the better the
measurements
QUALITY OF MEASUREMENTS
68
Pre-requisite for making measurements
OPERATIONAL DEFINTION
69
* Observer: examiner, interviewer
SOURCES OF ERRORS
70
Differences or changes in the diagnostic criteria used by
most clinicians
OBSERVER ERROR
71
SUBJECT ERROR
* Recall problems
* Unwillingness to disclose
information
BEHAVIORAL
72
INDICATORS OF A VARIABLE
- Obvious and has one indicator
SINGLE
73
INDICATORS OF A VARIABLE
- Not so obvious and can have multiple indicators
Composite
74
: the extent to which the measurements
obtained are reproducible or repeatable
Reliability:
75
the extent to which measurements reflect the
true values of the theoretical factors that the observed
variable is supposed to measure
Validity:
76
proportion of people labelled positive by the
test among those with the disease
Sensitivity
77
proportion of people labelled negative by
the test among those without the disease
Specificity
78
: proportion of people who tested
positive who have the disease
Predictive value (+):
79
proportion of people who tested
negative among those without the diseasE
Predictive value (-)
80
RELIABILITY
- Across 2 or more observer
* Inter-observer quality
81
RELIABILITY
Within the same person looking at the same data,
giving same results
Intra-observer quality
82
RELIABILITY
Similarity among items of a composite measure
Internal consistency (abstract factors)
83
