BIOCHEM: BIOCHEMICAL ENERGY PROD

Question 1

• Sum total of all the biochemical reactions
  that take place in a living organism

Answer 1

Metabolism

Question 2

– large molecules are broken
down into smaller one

Answer 2

Catabolism

Question 3

small molecules are joined
together to form larger ones

Answer 3

Anabolism

Question 4

– series of consecutive
biochemical reactions
used to convert a
starting material into
an end product

Answer 4

Metabolic Pathway

Question 5

Adenosine nucleoside with
phosphate group(s) attached

Answer 5

Adenosine Phosphates

Question 6

• Coenzyme involved in redox reactions
• Derived from vitamin B2

Answer 6

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD, FADH2)

Question 7

• Coenzyme involved in redox reactions
• Derived from vitamin B3

Answer 7

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD, NADH)

Question 8

• Coenzyme that serves as an acetyl group carrier
• Derived from vitamin B5

Answer 8

Coenzyme A (CoA-SH)

Question 9

– salivary amylase digests
polysaccharides

Answer 9

Mouth

Question 10

– gastric juices primarily
digest proteins

Answer 10

Stomach

Question 11

– contains majority
of digestive enzymes & bile salts

Answer 11

Small Intestine

Question 12

• May occur in the cytosol or
  mitochondria
• Small molecules from digestion
  are oxidized

Answer 12

Acetyl Group Formation

Question 13

• Occurs in the mitochondria
• Acetyl groups are oxidized to
  produce:
• Energy:

Answer 13

Citric Acid Cycle /
Krebs Cycle

Question 14

• Occurs in the mitochondria
• NADH and FADH2 supply the
  hydrogen ions and electrons
  needed for ATP production

Answer 14

ETC & Oxidative
Phosphorylation

Question 15

– NP in Medicine 1953

Answer 15

Krebs Cycle

Question 16

Reaction: Condensation
Enzyme: Citrate Synthase
Yield: Citrate (C6) + CoA-SH + H+

Answer 16

Formation of Citrate

Question 17

Reaction: Isomerization
Enzyme: Aconitase
Yield: Isocitrate

Answer 17

Formation of Isocitrate

Question 18

Reaction: Oxidative decarboxylation
Enzyme: Isocitrate dehydrogenase RATE-LIMITING ENZYME
Yield: ⍺-ketoglutarate (C5) + CO2 + NADH

Answer 18

Oxidation of Isocitrate & Formation of CO2

Question 19

Reaction: Oxidative decarboxylation
Enzyme: ⍺-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
Yield: Succinyl CoA (C4) + CO2 + NADH

Answer 19

Oxidation of ⍺-ketoglutarate & Formation of CO2

Question 20

Reaction: Substrate level phosphorylation
Enzyme: Succinyl CoA synthetase
Yield: Succinate (C4) + GTP

Answer 20

Thioester bond cleavage in Succinyl CoA &
Phosphorylation of GDP

Question 21

Reaction: Oxidation
Enzyme: succinate dehydrogenase @ inner mitochondrial membrane
Yield: Fumarate + FADH2

Answer 21

Oxidation of Succinate

Question 22

• Reaction: Hydration
• Enzyme: Fumarase
• Yields: Malate

Answer 22

Hydration of Fumarate

Question 23

• Reaction: Oxidation
• Enzyme: Malate dehydrogenase
• Yield: Oxaloacetate + NADH + H+

Answer 23

Oxidation of L-malate to regenerate oxaloacetate

Question 24

Fuel of the cycle is Acetyl CoA derived from catabolism of
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

Answer 24

Features of the Citric Acid Cycle

Question 25

* Inhibited by ATP * Activated by ADP

Answer 25

Citrate synthase

Question 26

* Inhibited by NADH * Activated by ADP

Answer 26

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Question 27

* Inhibited by Succinyl CoA and NADH

Answer 27

⍺-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Question 28

Series of biochemical reactions in which electrons and H+ from NADH and FADH2 are passed to intermediate carriers and ultimately react with molecular oxygen to produce water

Answer 28

Respiratory / Electron Transport Chai

Question 29

Energy released from oxidation of NADH is used to pump 4 protons out of the matrix into the intermembrane space

Answer 29

Complex I: NADH-coenzyme Q reductase

Question 30

* Flow of electrons: Succinate → FADH2 → Fe-S protein → Co-Q

Answer 30

Complex II: Succinate-coenzyme Q reductase

Question 31

* Ubiquinone * Accepts electrons from both Complex I and Complex II for transfer to Complex III

Answer 31

Coenzyme-Q

Question 32

* Cytochrome b-c1 complex * Contains Fe-S and cytochromes that contain heme (Fe3 + ⇌ Fe2 +)

Answer 32

Complex III: Coenzyme Q-Cytochrome C reductase

Question 33

* Contains 2 cytochromes that each contain Cu atom in addition to Fe

Answer 33

Complex IV: Cytochrome C oxidase

Question 34

– biochemical process by which ATP is synthesized from ADP as a result of electron and H+ transfer through the carriers in the electron transport chain

Answer 34

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 35

biochemical reactions that release energy occur concurrently with reactions that require it

Answer 35

Coupled reactions

Question 36

movement of electrons through the ETC generates energy to run proton pumps

Answer 36

Chemiosmotic coupling

Question 37

The potential energy of the gradient rises with each H+ pumped through to the IMS

Answer 37

Complex V: ATP synthase

Question 38

prevents passage of electrons through the ETC → ↓O2 consumption, ↑ buildup NADH/FADH2, ↓ ATP

Answer 38

ETC inhibitors

Question 39

increases permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane

Answer 39

Uncouplers