Biodiversity Lecture 2- Becky Flashcards
What actions can help us to balance supply and demand in the food system?
- increase in supply,
- Moderate demand
- Improve governance
what is biodiversity?
The variability among living organisms from all sources including inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic systems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.
what are the three levels of biodiversity?
- Genetic
- Organismal
- Ecological
name some ecosystem services essential for agriculture (agroecosytem services)
Pollination,
biological pest control,
maintenance of soil structure and fertility, nutrient cycling
hydrological services
Pollination worth ~£430 million in UK annually (NEA 2007)
name some ecosystem services provided by agriculture (agroecosytem services)
Regulation of soil and water quality,
carbon sequestration,
support for biodiversity
pesr control
nutrient cycling
what id the aim of agroecosystem services?
Aim is to maximise ecosystem services and minimise disservices
ecosystem disservices of agroecosystem?
loss of wildlife habitat,
nutrient runoff,
GHG emission,
pesticide poisoning
sedimentation of waterways
what are the provisioning services of agroecosystems?
food
fibre
bioenergy
what methods of farm management can be used to support agroecosystems?
tilage
crop diversity
field sixe
crop rotation
cover cropping
what landscape management strategies can be used to support the landscape matrix?
windbreaks
hedgerows
riparian vegetation
natural habitat patches
why is modern farming generally bad for biodiversity?
Accelerated soil erosion
Habitat change and management – e.g. loss of hedgerows in UK
Farm waste – fertilisers, pesticides, organic waste
Other negative impacts:
Increased resistance to pesticides
BSE, Foot and Mouth, Salmonella etc.
name aims of increasing food production which can also conflict with biodiversity…
^land for food= loss of natural habitat
^ intenstification of agri= increased habitat fragmentation
^ increased input= pollution
^ increased pressure form other land uses= invasive species, increased roads
what is responsible for the majority of global land use?
agricultural production
what are the 5 stages of land-use transitions starting with pre- settlement
pre-settlement
frontier
subsitence
intensifying
intensive
how much farmland is already degraded?
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