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ENV-4617 > Biodiversity and Extinction > Flashcards

Biodiversity and Extinction Flashcards

1
Q

What is Biological Diversity?

A

Variability among living organisms from all sources including inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part.
This includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.

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2
Q

What does S.L.I.M.E stand for?

A

Subsurface Lith-autorophic Microbial ecosystems

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3
Q

What is an example of a S.L.I.M.E?

A

Bacteria and fungi living in pores in mineral grains up to 3.2km deep.

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4
Q

Can life be found in the Marianas Trench?

A

Yes

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5
Q

What does it mean by “Independent of the surface”?

A

In solid rock, just enough poor space to grow within the surface, predator organisms that live off ot the autotrophs.

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6
Q

How many species are there?

A

Estimates 3.6 to 100 million

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7
Q

How many insect species are there?

A

750,000

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8
Q

How many flowering plant species are there?

A

275,000

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9
Q

How many named fungi species are there?

A

69,000

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10
Q

“Numbers depend on the ______________.”

A

Definition of species

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11
Q

How many species does Canada have?

A

~140,000

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12
Q

True or False: The further north you move in Canada, the quality of species increases.

A

False, it declines.

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13
Q

True or False: Most of the larger organisms (mammals, birds, trees) have been completely indemnified (not likely to discover new species) .

A

True

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14
Q

Which group of species has the greatest Known and Unrecorded species numbers?

A

Insects

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15
Q

Define species biologically:

A

A species is a set of actually or potentially interbreeding organisms.

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16
Q

True or False: All members of a species contribute to / are part of a common gene pool.

A

True.

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17
Q

How do lizards and salamanders reproduce?

A

Their populations are all females, they lay eggs which have never been fertilized, and hatch as females which carry on the cycle.

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18
Q

Which groups is asexual reproduction most common?

A

Bacteria
Plants
Archean
Protozoans
Lizards
Salamanders

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19
Q

Define Hybridization:

A

When organisms from two different species mix, or breed together. The offspring that are produced from these mixes are known as hybrids

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20
Q

Where can hybridization occur?

A

Along zones of overlap between distinctive geographical forms of the same “kind” of organism.

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21
Q

Why is it difficult to determine which type of organisms is a species?

A

It is expensive to study and research to group and determine if the ecology is same and capable of breeding.

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22
Q

What are the Juncos an example of?

A

Hybridization

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23
Q

Explain the example of Junco Hybridization:

A

Each type looks and behaves like a species within their region however they interbreed freely. Until recently regarded as separate species, now regarded as a single species called the Dark-eyed Junco (J. Hyemalis) which happens to have at least four sub-species.
Each type looks and behaves differently as species, they are now regarded as a single species as the Dark-eyed Junco, with four different sub-species.

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24
Q

What is the rate of hybridization of all birds?

A

25%

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25
Q

What is the rate of hybridization for Coral Reef Fish?

A

20%

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26
Q

What is the rate of hybridization for Plant Species?

A

20%

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27
Q

What is the rate of hybridization for European butterflies?

A

12%

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28
Q

What is the rate of hybridization for all animal species?

A

10%

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29
Q

When was hybridization first introduced into politics?

A

in 1973 in the US Endangered Species Act

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30
Q

Why are hybrids excluded from protection?

A

Because it is a “biological concern and not a legal issue”.

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31
Q

What are the 3 causes of natural hybridization?

A
  1. Natural Hybrid Taxon
  2. Natural Introgression
  3. Natural Hybrid Zone
32
Q

What are the 3 causes of anthropogenic hybridization?

A
  1. Hybridization without introgression
  2. Widespread Introgression
  3. Complete Admixture
33
Q

________________: “A … cluster of organisms that is diagnosable distinct from other such clusters, and within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent.” (Cracraft, 1989)

A

Phylogenetic Species

34
Q

Why should disagnosable geographic forms of a type of organisms should be treated as distinct species?

A

Because they have evolved separately and have unique evolutionary histories.

35
Q

How is a full species classified?

A

If two slightly different geographic forms don’t interbreed, for whatever reason (Migrating to different breeding areas).

36
Q

What can classify if a species is a different species?

A

If it has different traits.

37
Q

What makes Phylogenetic Species concept different than the Biological definition?

A

Because the Phylogenetic Species concept considers different traits of species.

38
Q

Define Extinct:

A

A species that no longer lives anywhere in the world.

39
Q

Give an example of an extinct species:

A

Passenger Pigeons

40
Q

Define Extinction:

A

The loss of a taxon over all its range on earth (species genus, family, etc.) .

41
Q

__________: A group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms to form a unit.

A

Taxon

42
Q

Define Pseudo-Extinction:

A

When a species evolves into another species and the ancestral form ceases to exist.

43
Q

Define Extirpation:

A

A loss of taxon locally, it still exists somewhere else in its range.

44
Q

Define Coextinction:

A

When a species becomes extinct, then plants and animals that were dependent on it also become extinct in due time

45
Q

Provide an example of coextinction:

A

Moth feeding off a flower that becomes extinct, if the flower becomes extinct the moth will automatically become extinct.

46
Q

What is Mass Extinction?

A

The extinction of a significant proportion of the world’s biota in a geologically insignificant period.

47
Q

Provide an example of a Mass Extinction:

A

Dinosaurs from the asteroid.

48
Q

How many mass extinction events are there in earths history?

A

5

49
Q

What is the 1st Mass Extinction Event and its cause?

A

Ordovician-Silurian Extinction, drop and rise in sea levels from glacier presence.

50
Q

What is the 2nd mass extinction event and its cause?

A

Late Devonian Extinction.
Cause unknown.

51
Q

What is the 3rd mass extinction event and its cause?

A

Permain-Triassic Extinction.
Cause unknown, sea level change.

52
Q

What is the worst mass extinction event in earths history?

A

Permian-Triassic Extinction (95% of all species)

53
Q

What is the 4th mass extinction event and cause?

A

End Triassic Extinction.
Massive floods of lava.

54
Q

What is the 5th mass extinction event and cause?

A

Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction.
Bolide Impact

55
Q

What is the background extinction rate?

A

The number of extinctions that would be occurring naturally in the absence of human influence.

56
Q

How are estimates of background rate of extinction detrained?

A

Fossil Records

57
Q

Why is it important to analyze previous extinction events?

A

We can determine the impact of humans on the rate of biodiversity extinction.

58
Q

What are the 3 factors to consider when evaluating extinction estimates?

A
  1. Rates vary widely among taxa
  2. Variation in the degree to which specimens are preserved.
  3. Total number of species in existence is unknown.
59
Q

Why are Background Extinction Rates important?

A

Because they establish a baseline from which the severity of the current extinctions crisis can be measured.

60
Q

What is the sixth mass extinction event?

A

The current state, where extinctions are increasing over the past 100 years.

61
Q

What is the current extinction rate?

A

from 10,000 and 30,000 per year.

62
Q

How are birds or mammals extinction rate estimated?

A

Divide the # of extinctions over a time period by the number of extant species.

63
Q

What are some sources of uncertainty of estimating extinction rates?

A
  • # of extant species is not known for sure.
  • Concept of what a species is varies
  • process of certification of extinction takes time
64
Q

What is the process of estimating extinction rates for areas-species relationship? (5 steps)

A
  1. Estimate # of species in an area.
  2. Extrapolate this # to the area of total habitat.
  3. Estimate the rate that the habitat is being destroyed.
  4. Calculate extinction rate.
  5. Based on area species curve (90% reduction of area, 50% reduction of species).
65
Q

What are sources of uncertainty with the area-species relationship?

A
  • Uncertainty in the $ of range of species
  • Uncertainty in the rate and effect of habitat destruction
66
Q

What is a Global Biodiversity Crisis?

A
  • Over 100 species and their genetic resources become extinct each day.
67
Q

How long do biodiversity take to recover?

A

An average of 10 million years.

68
Q

What harm is there to us if species become extinct?

A
  • Medicine
  • Food
  • Materials
  • Ecosystems Services
69
Q

What are the 6 aspects that makes a species vulnerable to extinction?

A
  1. Longevity
  2. Low Reproductive Rates
  3. Poor Dispersers
  4. Colonial Breeding Habits
  5. Seasonal Concentration
  6. Degree of specialization
70
Q

What do extinction risks often depend on?

A

Interactions between cause and life history traits.

71
Q

What is a Metapopulation?

A

They are far enough apart to exist as distinct, partially isolated sub-populations each possessing its own population dynamics, linked only through dispersal (emigration/immigration).

72
Q

What are the 3 stages of Traditional Fragmentation?

A
  1. Gap Formation
  2. Gap Enlargement
  3. Conversion of landscape matrix to anthropogenic habitat leaving islands of suitable habitat.
73
Q

What are the 4 phases of Patterns of Decline?

A
  1. Extent of Occurrence and area of Occupancy remain the same, but pop. #’s decline.
  2. Concentration of both extant of occurrence and area of occupancy.
  3. Population fragmented and pushed to periphery of range.
  4. Traditional Fragmentation
74
Q

What is introgression in terms of hybridization?

A

The transfer of genetic information from one species to another as a result of hybridization.

Introgression is an important source of genetic variation in natural populations and may contribute to adaptation and even adaptive radiation

75
Q

What is the Species Area Relationship?

A

An empirically measured relationship between the size of an area and the number of species it contains.

76
Q

What are the 4 kinds of Patterns of Decline?

A
  1. Extent of Occurrence and Area of Occupancy remain the same but population numbers decline.
  2. Contraction of both extent of occurrence and area of occupancy.
  3. Population fragmented and pushed to periphery of range.
  4. Traditional Fragmentation

ENV-4617 (18 decks)

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