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biology > Biodiversity and ecosystems > Flashcards

Biodiversity and ecosystems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is biodiversity?

A

the variety that exits in life forms on this planet

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2
Q

what are the three different levels of biodiversity and explain them

A

genetics- molecular diversity within a gene population
species- population diversity referring to the variety of different species in a habitat
ecosystems- diversity which refers to the different ecosystems

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3
Q

why is biodiversity so important

A
  • oxygen, food and fresh water
  • provides resources and raw materials
  • breakdown of waste materials
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4
Q

the hight the biodiversity of an …

A

ecosystem the more stable it is. population with reduced genetic diversity face increased extinction level

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5
Q

what is endemic

A

it refers to a plant or animal species that are only found naturally in a region or country

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6
Q

what is species

A

refers to a group of organisms that have much of their DNA sequences and genetic makeup.

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7
Q

what characteristics are species grouped in

A

Physiological, morphology and behavioural characteristics

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8
Q

what is a phenotypes

A

the appearance of an organism and is a direct expression of its genotypes

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9
Q

what is a genotypes

A

the genes the individual passes and their physical characteristics

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10
Q

what is genetic diversity

A

the verity of genes and forms of the genes tjay occur within a particular species

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11
Q

what is natural selection

A

the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change

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12
Q

what is genetic drift

A

population of organisms may experience variation in the different genotypes due to the loss of genes as individuals die from the population

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13
Q

what is natural selection

A

traits of a species that change to better suit the environment

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14
Q

what is genetic drift

A

population or organism may experience variation in the frequency of different genotypes due to the last genes are lost from the population

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15
Q

what is the bottle neck effect

A

major changes in the gene pool caused by drastic reduction in population size

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16
Q

what can cause the bottle neck effect

A

droughts, fires, floods, deforestation , hunting, diseases

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17
Q

what is competition

A
  • it is a community interaction
  • organism complete for the same food
  • most intense between same species or species that have similar requirements
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18
Q

what is predation

A
  • a community interaction
  • one organism feed on another live organism
  • this could be feeding on plants or other animals
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19
Q

what is symbiosis

A

distinct relationships between two different species divided into three categories
- mutualism
- commensalism
- parasitism

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20
Q

what is mutalism

A

beneficial relationship between two different species

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21
Q

what is commensalism

A

one species benefits but the other us unharmed

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22
Q

what is parasitism

A

parasits that lives on/in the host and obtains food and shelter. the host is harmed and will generally die

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23
Q

what is ecosystem

A

Includes all living organisms (biotic) and the physical environment (abiotic) functioning together as a unit

24
Q

heterotrophs in a community is called

A

consumers
- herbivores (primary consumers)
- carnivores (high order consumers)

25
Q

what is a trophic structure

A

the community of living organisms within an ecosystem is trophic structure. this is apattern of feeding relationships in the ecosystems.

26
Q

the hight the trophic level the…

A

the less the individuals are in the population

27
Q

what are primary consumers

A

feeds on produces, secondary consumers feed on primary consumers and so on

28
Q

what are decomposers

A
  • obtain nutrition from dead materials at all trophic levels
  • they recycle so they return the nutrients back into the ecosystem
29
Q

what is the structure of a population

A

organisms-> populations -> community -> ecosystems

30
Q

what is biotic

A

living factors part of an ecosystem (plants, animals and bacteria)

31
Q

what is abiotic

A

non living factors of ecosystem (air, material, temp)

32
Q

what is a food chain

A

where each individual feeds on the organisms below it in the chain. in a food chain energy is transferred from organism to organism in the direction of the arrow

33
Q

what are producers as consumers

A

make their own food

34
Q

what are primary consumers

A

eats producers

35
Q

what are secondary concumers

A

eat primary consumers

36
Q

what is tertiary consumers

A

eats secondary consumers

37
Q

why is biological classification important

A

it allow scientists to identify groups and properly name organisms using standard system based on similarities

38
Q

how do we classify things

A
  • structural
  • biochemical
    -cytological
  • embryological
  • behavioural (not very reliable)
  • fossils
39
Q

what is the binomial naming system

A

first is genus (first letter capitalized )
second is species
written in italics

40
Q

what is hierarachal classification

A
  • based on shared characteristics and molecular similarities
  • eukarya, archaea, bacteria
41
Q

5 kingdoms of classification

A
  • bacteria
  • protist
  • fungus
  • animal
  • plant
42
Q

organism classification

A
  • number of cells (unicellular VS multicellular)
  • type of cells
43
Q

basis of classification

A
  • physical features
  • reproductive strategies
  • molecular features
44
Q

what are physical features

A
  • are an expression of the genotype and the environment, organism with similar features are closer related to
    eg: animals: exoskeleton, feather, organs
45
Q

what are reproductive strategies

A
  • method of reproduction by sexual means, fusion or fertilisation, other asexul means not invloving gametes
46
Q

how are mammals separated by reproductive strategies

A
  • placentals (eg: humans)
  • marsupials (eg: kangaroos)
  • monotremes (eg: echidna)
47
Q

what is molecular sequencing

A
  • DNA is made of (A,C,G,T)
  • cytochrome C is a protien needed for aerobic respiration for all living organisms
48
Q

what does A, C, G, T stand for

A
  • adenine
  • cytosine
  • guanine
    -thymine
49
Q

what is a population

A

ecosystems consist of a large number of different species. a population is a group of the same speies within the same ecosystem at the same time

50
Q

what is a community

A

population of different species interact with each other within the same ecosystem making a community

51
Q

what is a niche

A

-the way a population of organisms function in an ecosystem is an ecological niche]its discribed in therm of the population habitat and the roles the organisms in the population

52
Q

What is Gause’s principle

A

two or more resource- limited species having identical patterns or resources use cannot coexist in a stable environment. one species will be better adapted and will outcomplete the other

53
Q

what is a fundamental niche

A

no compatiton

54
Q

what is a realised niche

A

increased compatiton

55
Q

ecosystem with higher biodiversity are ….

A

more likely to resist change and remain intact. this is a stable ecosystem if maintained for long periods of time

56
Q

what is low diversity

A

results in less resilience so they are know as unstable ecosystems

57
Q

keystone species are..

A

critical to the stability of the ecosystem

biology (8 decks)

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