Biodiversity

Question 1

What is biodiversity?

Answer 1

The variety and complexity of life. It is an important indicator in the study of habitats.

Question 2

What is species diversity?

Answer 2

The number of different species and individuals within each species in an ecosystem and the evenness of abundance across the different species present.

Question 3

What is genetic diversity?

Answer 3

The variety of genes and alleles in the genome of one species.

Question 4

What is habitat diversity?

Answer 4

The range of different habitats

Question 5

What is species richness?

Answer 5

This goes under species diversity. It is the number of species in an ecosytem

Question 6

What is the effect of reduced genetic diversity?

Answer 6

Less alleles mean the population is less likely to survive and adapt to changes via natural selection.

Question 7

What are the 3 things that can reduce genetic diversity?

Answer 7

1.Captive breeding in zoos = small number of individuals breeding. So smaller gene pools and the same alleles will keep being passed on.
2. Bottle neck effect = A small number of a population survived an event so gene pool is decreased. Only those alleles will be passed on.
3.Founder effect - of original population a small number migrate to an isolated area, Inbreeding is more likely. Limited genetic pool so same alleles passed on.

Question 8

How can genetic diversity be measured?

Answer 8

By examining polymorphic genes in isolated populations like zoos, rare breeds and pedigree animals where selective breeding has been used. You can measure polymorphism via:
Proportion of polymorphic gene loci =
no. polymorphic gene loci / total no. gene loci
The higher the proportion of polymorphic gene loci, the larger the genetic diversity in the population.

Question 9

What is a polymorphic gene?

Answer 9

One that has more than one allele. Most genes have one allele = monomorphic.

Question 10

How is biodiversity (species diversity) measured?

Answer 10

Using Sampsons index of diversity.
n = total no. of organisms for a single species
N = total no. of organisms for all species
Values near 1 indicate high levels of biodiversity
Values near 0 indicate low levels of biodiversity

Question 11

What is sampling and why is it used?

Answer 11

A technique used while measuring a habitat’s biodiversity because it would take too long to count every individual in an area. This allows you to get a representative estimation of the population.

Question 12

How do you make sure your sample is representative?

Answer 12

1. Large sample, calculate mean and do a statistical test to see if any differences or correlations you see are significant.
2. Randomly sample to avoid bias

Question 13

Give examples of random sampling techniques.

Answer 13

Quadrats, sweep nets, pitfall
traps and pooters.

Question 14

How are quadrats used in random sampling?

Answer 14

1. Quadrats (0.5m x 0.5m) are used to observe abundance of plants or slow-moving organisms. Laid randomly in an area.
   
   • E.g converting sampling area into a grid format and a random number generator picks the sample points/coordinates. Abundance-percentage cover of different species recorded.
     Density = counting how many organisms present.
     Frequency = fast. Count how many squares out of the hundred the organism is present in to get a percentage frequency.
     Percentage cover = estimate % of entire quadrat covered by species being investigated. Quick but subjective and low accuracy

Question 15

How are pooters used in random sampling?

Answer 15

Pooter = small containers with 2 tubes that suck up small insects and invertebrates.

Question 16

How are pitfall traps used in random sampling?

Answer 16

cans or jars that are buried in the ground that are used to catch ground-dwelling (often nocturnal) insects and other invertebrates as they fall into the trap

Question 17

How are sweeping nets used in random sampling?

Answer 17

These are large, strong nets with a fine material (very small holes) that are used to catch flying insects and insects that live in long grass by sweeping the net back and forth through the grass

Question 18

Why is non-random sampling used?

Answer 18

Because random sampling can take impractically long or just be impossoble.

Question 19

What are the 3 types of non-random sampling?

Answer 19

Opportunistic, stratified and systematic.

Question 20

What is opportunistic sampling?

Answer 20

Unlikely to result in accurate data as only organisms that are conviniently available are sampled = bias.

Question 21

What is stratified sampling?

Answer 21

Populations or habitats are separated into groups to then randomly sample. Eg, in a pond you split it into surface, shallow and deep water regions and take a sample from each one (strata)

Question 22

What is systematic sampling?

Answer 22

Best used when you want to identify a change in the distribution of species in a habitat. Involves a belt transect.
- Plave single tape measure along the sample area and at regular distance along the tape place quadrat and record data.
Can identify change in species richness and evenness.

Question 23

How is Tllgren funnel used in random sampling?

Answer 23

these are funnels with a light bulb above and a container below. It collects invertebrates that live in leaf litter or soil. The leaf litter or soil is placed in the funnel and the light and heat forces the invertebrates to move down until they drop into the container

Question 24

How is kick-sampling used in random sampling?

Answer 24

It is used to catch freshwater invertebrates living in streams or rivers. A net in placed on the stream-bed so that the water is flowing into it and the stream-bed just above the net is churned up by the scientist (using their foot) for a set period of time. The invertebrates are carried by the stream into the net

Question 25

What is species evenness?

Answer 25

The relative abundance of each different species in a given area.

Question 26

How does the increase in the human population affect biodiversity?

Answer 26

• Increased need for space for housing farming and industry (requires deforestation)
  -Agriculture needed to feed everyone requires clearing land and sometimes chemical pesticides or fertilisers may be added. Monocultures grown decreases biodiversity. All of this reduces number of habitats and food sources.
  -Climate change. Melting ice caps, destroying habitats. Also causing rising sea levels, reducing biodiversity due to flooding and extreme weather.Low rainfall and higher temperatures means some plants and animals unable to survive. In some areas xerophytes are becoming dominant species, outcompeting others that can’t survive in harsher abiotic conditions.

Question 27

What are the ecological reasons for maintaining biodiversity?

Answer 27

All organisms are interdependent. Loss of one species impacts others. Eg removing a habitat removes food source for many animals. Conservation efforts are needed to protect these habitats, but not to the extent that farming is impossible and humans run out of food.

Question 28

What are the economical reasons for maintaining biodiversity?

Answer 28

Deforestation can = soil erosion and monocultures deplete soils of minerals. This impacts a countries ability to grow crops.
Tourism relies on people visiting areas of natural beauty and observing animals in natural habitat. Their extinction reduces tourism, impacting the economy
Medicines have been based on chemicals naturally occurring in plants. Extinct plant may have held the molecules needed to cure human diseases.

Question 29

What are the aesthetic reasons for maintaining biodiversity?

Answer 29

Being in nature and around animals enriches lives. It is also creative inspiration for art and being amongst it has been shown to improve mental health.

Question 30

What is In situ consercation?

Answer 30

Conservation within the natural habitat. So genetic diversity is maintained as they are not bred captively. As species are interdependent, in situ have positive impact on all other species dependent on the one being conserved.
-Marine conservation sones - areas designated for wildlife to recover and repopulate. Fishing wouldn’t be allowed.
-Wildlife reserves - areas designated for wildlife to recover and repopulate on land. No hunting.

Question 31

What is Ex Situ conservation?

Answer 31

Involves removing organisms from their natural habitat to protect them.
- Seed banks (Kew Gardens) store genetic material. Seeds of a variety of plants are stored in water and temperature-controlled environments to keep them viable for longer. Stores are backup for plant species that may go extinct.
- Captive breeding programmes reproduce animals in zoos and aquariums. Aim is to increase population of endangered species so they can be reintroduced into the wild.

Question 32

What is the CBD conservation agreement?

Answer 32

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was signed at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil in 1992 by many countries.
Goals:
-conservation of biological diversity
-sustainable use of biological resources
-fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources

Question 33

What is the CITES conservation agreement?

Answer 33

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) is a global agreement that has been signed by over 150 countries.
Aim: to control the trade of endangered species and their associated products
Concerns:
- When the trade of a certain endangered species becomes illegal, its price increases
- The increased economic value of the species can be a major incentive for people to break the law