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Biology Topic 1&4 > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The variety of living organisms in an area

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2
Q

What is species diversity?

A

Number of different species and the abundance of each species in an area

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3
Q

What is genetic diversity?

A

Variation of alleles within a species

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4
Q

What is endemism?

A

When a species is unique to a single place

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5
Q

What is phenotype and how does it affect genetic diversity?

A

The observable characteristics of an organism, the larger the number of different phenotypes the greater the genetic diversity

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6
Q

What is a niche?

A

The position occupied by an organism in an ecosystem

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7
Q

What are the two ways of measuring genetic diversity?

A

Looking at a species genotype and phenotype

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8
Q

What would happen if 2 species living in the same habitat had exactly the same role within the habitat?

A

They will compete directly with each other and the better adapted organism will out compete the other and exclude it from its habitat

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9
Q

Suggest an advantage and disadvantage of using the same insect pollinator.

A

a) ensures pollen comes only from a member of its own species
b) if the insect is not present or extinct, the plant will not be pollinated

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10
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Those surviving individuals who, by chance, possessed some characteristics that gave them an advantage over others “survival of the fittest”

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11
Q

What is evolution?

A

A change in allele frequency in a population overtime

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12
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

All the alleles of all the genes present in a population

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13
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The variety of living organisms in an area

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14
Q

What equation do we use to estimate alleles present in a gene pool?

A

Hardy Weinberg equation

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15
Q

What are the two ways we can use the equations and what are they?

A
  1. Use when given information about phenotypes
    p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
  2. Use when given information about allele frequency
    p + q = 1
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16
Q

What letter occupies T, t, TT, tt and Tt?

A

T = p
TT = p2
t = q
tt = q2
Tt = pq

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17
Q

What 2 places help conserve endangered species?

A

Zoos and seedbanks

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18
Q

What causes a reduction in global diversity?

A
  • Extinction
  • Loss of genetic diversity
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19
Q

What is conservation?

A

Involves the protection and management of endangered species

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20
Q

What are seed banks and what do they do?

A

A seed bank is a store of lots of seeds from lots of different species, they help to conserve biodiversity by storing seeds of endangered species

21
Q

What are some advantages of seed banks?

A
  • Cheaper to store seeds than to store fully grown plants
  • Less labour to look after seeds than plants
  • Seeds are less likely to be damaged by disease/vandalism
22
Q

What are some disadvantages of seed banks?

A
  • Testing seeds for viability can be expensive and time consuming
  • Too expensive to store all types of seed and regularly check
23
Q

What is captive breeding?

A

Breeding animals in controlled environments

24
Q

What is an advantage of captive breeding?

A

Help to increase the number of species threatened by extinction

25
Q

What is a disadvantage of captive breeding?

A
  • Animals can have problems breeding outside their natural habitat
  • Many people think its cruel to keep animals in captivity
26
Q

What are some advantages of reintroduction of species after captive breeding?

A
  • Can increase their numbers in the wild
  • Restoring lost habitats
  • Help organisms that relies on these plants/animals for food
27
Q

What are some disadvantages of reintroduction of a species after captive breeding?

A
  • Reintroduction could bring new diseases to habitats
  • Reintroduced animals may behave differently to those raised in the wild
28
Q

How do seed banks and zoos contribute to scientific research?

A
  • Increases knowledge about behaviour, physiology and nutritional needs
  • Seed banks can be used to grow endangered plants for use in medical research
29
Q

What is the equation for calculating index of diversity?

A

D= N(N-1) / E n(n-1)

30
Q

What does the N, n and E stand for?

A

N = total number of organisms of all species
n = total number of organisms of one species
E = ‘sum of’

31
Q

There are 3 different species of flowers in a field - a red, white and blue species. There are 3 red, 5 of white and 3 of the blue. Calculate the species diversity index of the field.

A

D = 11(11-1) / 3(3-1) + 5(5-1) + 3(3-1)
D = 3.44

32
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota

33
Q

What are the 7 kingdoms?

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

34
Q

What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle predict?

A

The frequencies of alleles in a population won’t change from one generation to the next. Only when there is a large population, no immigration, emigration, natural selection or mutations

35
Q

What is meant by the term molecular phylogeny?

A

Looking at how closely species are related through its DNA and proteins

36
Q

Describe the conditions used for the storage of seeds in seed banks

A
  • Dry and cold to reduce enzyme activity and prevent germination
37
Q

Canola is a plant grown as a crop because the seeds are rich in oil. The extracted oil is used in cooking and as a sustainable fuel. Suggest why the production of oil from Canola seeds can be described as sustainable.

A
  • Renewable
  • Available resources can be used for future generations
38
Q

Farmers provide the plants with fertilisers containing nitrate ions. Explain the importance of nitrate ions for the growth of plants.

A
  • Help with the production of proteins and amino acids
  • Used for synthesis of DNA
39
Q

Scientists carried out an investigation into the effect of nitrate fertiliser on the yield. Suggest how the scientist could have ensured that this investigation was valid

A
  • Genetically similar plants
  • Repeats to generate mean data
  • A controlled environmental variable e.g. soil pH
  • Control e.g. no nitrate
40
Q

Suggest how natural selection could have given rise to the adaptations of a waxy leaf frog.

A
  • Selection pressures, change in environment
  • This causes competition (predation)
  • Mutation occurs
  • Advantageous characteristics/alleles survive and passed on
  • Increased frequency of advantageous alleles
41
Q

Explain how the biodiversity of lemurs in two different parts of Madagascar could be compared

A
  • Record the number of species of lemurs and the number of individuals in each species
  • Calculate diversity index
  • The higher the index, the more diversity
42
Q

Muscular dystrophy is a group of disorders that gradually cause muscles to weaken.
One type of muscular dystrophy, caused by a recessive allele, affects 10 people in 100,000 of the population.
Calculate the number of carriers in a population of 17.02 million

A
  1. Calculate q
    q2 = 10/100,000=0.0001 q= √0.0001= 0.01
  2. Calculate p using p+q=1
    x + 0.01 =1 x=0.99
  3. Calculate 2pq (carriers)
    20.010.99=0.0198
  4. Multiply this by the population
    0.0198*17020000 = 336 996 carriers
43
Q

In the 1970s, a theory for a new system of taxonomy was proposed by a scientist called Woese.
Describe the process by which the scientific community critically evaluates new theories.

A
  • Conferences/communicating theory
  • Peer review
  • Checking evidence to ensure validity
44
Q

Suggest why successful interbreeding between Chiffchaffs and Willow Warblers would make some scientists doubt their classification as separate species

A
  • Successful interbreeding produces offspring
  • Same species produce fertile offspring
  • Different offsprings usually have genetic incompatibility
45
Q

Suggest reasons why the two species do not interbreed

A
  • Physical incompatibility
  • Different breeding times
46
Q

What are behavioral adaptations?

A

Refers to defensive behaviours that increases chance of survival

47
Q

What are anatomical adaptations?

A

Refers to structural features such as horns, claws or feathers, that increase an organism’s chances of survival

48
Q

What are physiological adaptations?

A

Refers to processes inside the body, that increase an organism’s chances of survival

49
Q

What is the binomial system?

A
  • Scientific name given to individual species
  • It consists of the organisms genus and species

Biology Topic 1&4 (9 decks)

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