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Dental Materials > Biocompatibility > Flashcards

Biocompatibility Flashcards

1
Q

What is biocompatibility?

A

Material can perform its function without eliciting any undesirable effects in the recipient of that therapy

Is the material compatible with our bodies?

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2
Q

All biomaterial related reactions are the same.

True or False

A

False

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of interfaces that are normally present on teeth?

A
  1. Interface between material and oral cavity
  2. Interface between material and pulp tubules
    3.Interface between material and periodontium
    4.Interface between material and periapical bone
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4
Q

All interfaces react the same to biomaterial.

True or False ?

A

FALSE

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5
Q

Dental materials may release certain substances which can cause _________

A

Toxicity
Immunotoxicity
Systemic Toxicity
Local Toxicity

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6
Q

Toxicity

A

Damage of biological systems by chemical means

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7
Q

Immunotoxicity

A

Alteration of immune cells
Leads to impaired host defense, and tissue damage

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8
Q

Systemic Toxicity

A

Affect the entire body or many organs rather than a specific site

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9
Q

Local Toxicity

A

Affect the oral cavity, including mucosa of pulp and bone

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10
Q

Mutagenicity

A

Ability of a substance to pass genetic damage onto next generation

Ni, Cu, Be

Nickle, Copper, Beryllium

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11
Q

Carcinogenicity

A

Ability of a substance to induce malignant tumors

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12
Q

Genotoxicity

A

Ability of a substance to cause alterations of the DNA genome

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13
Q

Biocompatibility is a property of the material.

True or False

A

FALSE

Biocompatibility is not a property of a material, but rather a property of how the material reacts with its local environment

Each environment will have a different reaction to the same material

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14
Q

How can we asses biocompatibility?

A

In-vitro Tests
Direct
Indirect Test

Animal Test

Usage Test

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15
Q

In-vitro Test

A

Lab Test

Studies are performed outside normal biological context.

Place MATERIAL IN CONTACT with a cell, enzyme or some isolated biological system

We create a clinical mimic

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16
Q

What two cells do we use for In -Vitro test?

A

We can use PRIMARY CELLS which are taken directly from animal and cultured. They are grown for a limited time and retain in -vivo characteristics.

We can use CELL LINES which are transformed cells to grow indefinitely. This can keep undergoing division and has a more homogenous population. This does not retain in vivo conditions as they lose genes during replication.

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17
Q

Primary cells are personalized while cell lines are not.

True or False

A

True

18
Q

ISO

A

International Standard Organization

Gives protocols to asses things such as cytotoxicity, metabolism or mutagenesis

19
Q

Direct In-Vivo Test

3 Techniques

A

Place material in direct contact with cells

Transwell: Material will release substances through a filter that will be taken up by cells

Cell seeded directly onto material

Extracts: Let the cells leech the material for 24 hours then place them in a growth medium

20
Q

What are microscopic characteristics of cytotoxicity?

A

Morphology
Vacuolization
Detachment
Cell Lysis
Membrane Integrity

21
Q

What are the quantitative characteristics of cytotoxicity?

A

Counting live, or dead cells
Measuring metabolism
Measuring cell proliferation
Measuring cellular secretions

22
Q

Flourescent Microscopy

A

Stain the cell that will fluoresce red when cell is dead and green when cell is alive.

23
Q

Cell Metabolism is a ________ measure.

How does it work?

A

Quantitative Measure

The test is colorimetric meaning that the cell will uptake a chemical and produce a color indicative of metabolism activity.

The darker the color the higher the activity

24
Q

Indirect Tests

3 types

A

A barrier is placed between the biomaterial and cell to better represent in-vivo condition.

Agar Overlay
Dentin Barrier
Millipore Filter Assay

25
Q

Agar Overlay

How do we know if material is cytotoxic?

A

Utilizes agar barrier between cells and material. The agar provides nutrients, gas and soluble toxic substances diffuse into cell layer

Cells that are injured will release Neutral Red which will leave the zone of inhibition.

The LARGER the clear portion, the more the cytotoxicity

26
Q

Dental Barrier Test

* What is special about this test?*

A

Mimics Oral Environment

Factors diffusion of cytotoxic materials through dentinal tubules

Kind of like a gear that slowly pushes material in as a tube feeds culture medium in through the dentin piece and out.

27
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of in-vitro tests?

A
  1. Reasonable Cost
  2. Reasonable investment
  3. Fast processing of large # of materials and prototypes
  4. Controllability

BUT Cannot predict overall biocompatibility of material

28
Q

Animal Tests (3)

A

Mimic biological system but are MEAN

Mucous Membrane Irritation Test : Inflammation to mucous membrane

Skin Sensitization Test: Materials are injected intra-dermally

Implantation Test: Evaluate materials that will contact subcutaneous tissue or bone

29
Q

Usage Tests

A

Animals or Human
Biomaterial placed identical to clinical use

GOLD standard

30
Q

What are the four usage tests?

A
  1. Pulp-Dentin Test - Restorative Material
  2. Mucosal damage /Gingival usage test
  3. Dental implants in bone
31
Q

Dental Pulp Irritation Test

A
  1. Class V prepared as traumatic as possible
  2. Fill with material
  3. Tooth is extracted for histology after several days
  4. Margin is investigated for bacterial interference
32
Q

What is assessed for in Dental Pulp Irritation Test?

A

Toxic Substances Released

Bacterial and toxins between materials and restoration

Pulp Inflammation

33
Q

Mucosa and Gingival Usage Test

A

Placement in cavity prep with SUBGINGIVAL extensions

Check for inflammatory cells in epithelium

34
Q

Why are mucosa and gingival tests hard?

A

Preexisting inflammation

Plaque

Surface roughness of material

35
Q

Dental Implants in Bone

A

Implantation in jaws of animals

Tissue reaction is assessed histologically

36
Q

What do we check for in Dental Implants in Bone test?

A

Mobility of implant
Oseeointegration

No fibrous capsule formation
No irritation
No inflammation

37
Q

Usage Test Advantages and Disadvantageous

A

Good mimic

but very expensive and legal concerns, difficult to control and quantify

38
Q

What materials are known to cause reactions?

A

Latex
Nickel - Dental Allow
Resin-Based Composites

39
Q

ADA is a governmental organization.

True or False

A

FALSE

40
Q

Which ISO is important for dentistry?

A

ISO 7405 for biocompatibility of medical devices used in dentistry

Dental Materials (6 decks)

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