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Biochemistry > Biochemistry of Metabolism > Flashcards

Biochemistry of Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

what is an overview of metabolism?

A

change energy form
create pyruvate
acetyl coA
feeds into the citric acid cycle
liberates 8e- attached to an e- receptor

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2
Q

what is ATP?

A

the primary cellular energy carrier through triphosphate group
free energy donor

essential for all bioenergetic functions
energy rich as 2 phosphoanhydride bonds

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3
Q

what is ATP a free energy donor to the processes of?

A

anabolism / biosynthesis
mechanical work / movement
active molecular transport

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4
Q

atp hydrolysis

A

atp + h2o –> adp + Pi + H+

atp + h2o –> amp + PPi + H+

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5
Q

what are metabolic pathways divided into?

A

anabolic reactions
catabolic reactions

combination of both fundamental for function

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6
Q

what are anabolic pathways?

A

biosynthetic
reductive

require an energy source, reducing equivalent and precursor molecules

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7
Q

what are catabolic pathways?

A

degrade
oxidative

provide energy, reducing equivalents and precursors
break things down so are oxidative

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8
Q

what is an energy balance?

A

have to have the right balance of energy
healthy diet comes into play

diet + products of anabolic pathways must be balanced by catabolic pathways

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9
Q

what is an energy imbalance?

A

anabolic process greater
can lead to metabolism type disorders

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10
Q

how can energy balance be regulated?

A

diet
exercise

loss leads to obesity and type 2 diabetes

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11
Q

what are the fates of each dietary component?

A

oxidation for energy (catabolism)
storage then release
conversion into something more useful

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12
Q

equations for conversion of glucose

A

lactose —> galactose + glucose
sucrose —> fructose + glucose

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13
Q

key points about aerobic glucose metabolism

A

intermediates taken off for storage
utilises the e- transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
carried out in cytoplasm and mitochondria
produce majority of ATP

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14
Q

key points anaerobic glucose metabolism

A

allows production of atp in cells without mitochondria
production in absence of oxygen
lactic acid

pyruvate converted to lactate
lactate causes muscle fatigue

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15
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

conversion of glucose to pyruvate
glucose —> pyruvate + 2ATP

provides rapid energy source
small yield of ATP produced

have to pay lactate back through oxidate phosphorylation

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16
Q

what are the stages of glycolysis?

A

1: investment stage
- energy consumes to convert glucose into 2 3C sugar phosphates

2: investment stage continued
oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phospahte

3: energy generation stage
every reaction happens twice

17
Q

explain stage 1 of glycoslysis

A
  1. glucose receives phosphate group from ATP
  2. glucose 6- phosphate isomerism
  3. fructose.-6- phosphate is phosphorylated

uses 2 molecules of ATP
first reaction commits glucose to the pathway
second reaction changes structure
third reactions uses phosphate

18
Q

stage 1 glycolysis

A

glucose —> glucose-6-phosphate —> fructose-6-phosphate —> fructose -1, 6- bisphosphate

19
Q

explain stage 2 of glycolysis

A

fructose 1,6-bisphosphate cleaved into 2 x 3C molecules
isomers
cleaved by aldolase to give 2 compounds

dihydroxyacetone phosphate is dead end product
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate will continue

20
Q

stage 2 glycolysis

A

fructose -1, 6-bisphosphate —> glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone phosphate

21
Q

explain stage 3 glycolysis

A

generation of physophorylated 1,3-bisphosglycerate via oxidation of the aldehyde group
phosphorylation group shifted from 3C to 2C position

reaction happens twice
creates 4 ATP, but 2 already used so only net gain of 2ATP

22
Q

stage 3 glycolysis

A

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate —-> 3-phosphoglycerate —> 2-phosphoglycerate —> phosphoenolpyruvate —> pyruvate

23
Q

glucose + ATP —> glucose-6-phosphate +ADP

A

6C ring converted to 5C
generates fructose

catalysed by hexokinase
traps glucose
uses ATP
irreversible

24
Q

fructose-6-phosphate + ATP —> fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP

A

uses ATP
creates ADP
rate limiting step

catalysed by phosphofructokinase
irreversible
uses ATP
rate limiting control point

25
Q

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + NAD+ + Pi —> 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + NADH + H+

A

NAH reduced to NADH
important in e- transfer

catalysed by G-3-P dehydrogenase
reversible reaction
oxidation reaction

26
Q

what’s the overall equation for glycolysis?

A

glucose + 2Pi + 2ADP + 2NAD+
|
2pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2h2o

free energy released is 197 kJ.mol
NAD used
ATP produced

27
Q

ADP regenerated

A

as a result go numerous reactions that utilise ATP
continuously regernated

28
Q

NAD+ regenerated

A

via either
- lactate dehydrogenase (anaerobic)
- oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic)

29
Q

what enzymes control metabolism?

A

Irreversible enzymes
start of a pathway or a branch point
rate limiting enzymes

30
Q

how are enzymes controlled?

A

altering levels of synthesis of key enzymes
altering the activity of key enzymes

Biochemistry (20 decks)

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