Biochemistry-Lipids

Question 1

What are lipids mostly made up of ?

Answer 1

Carbon and Hydrogen

Question 2

Are lipids water soluble?

Answer 2

No

Question 3

Can lipids be synthesized from sugars in cells?

Answer 3

Yes

Question 4

Which organic compound contains the most stored energy?

Answer 4

Lipids

Question 5

What are two types of fatty acids?

Answer 5

Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty acids

Question 6

What’s the difference between saturated fat and unsaturated fat?

Answer 6

Saturated fatty acids:
1. More C–H bonds. The Carbon chain is more saturated with Hydrogens. Therefore, more energy and hence more calories.
2. Solid at room temperature
3. Found in animals
Examples are butter and lard.

Unsaturated fatty acids:
1. Less C–H bonds. Has double covantely bonded Carbons. Therefore, the Carbon chain is less saturated with Hydrogens. Less energy and hence less calories.
2. Liquid at room temperature
3. Found in plants
Examples are olive and peanut oil

When the C–H bonds are broken, they release energy.

Question 7

Name 2 plant oils that are saturated fats.

Answer 7

Palm-kernal and Coconut oil

Question 8

How are trans fatty acids [Hydrogenated vegetable oils] made?

Answer 8

When H+ has been added to an unsatutured fatty acid.

These are added to imitate saturated fats/animal fats.

Example: H+ are added to corn oil to make margarine

Question 9

Are fatty acids necessary in our diet?

Answer 9

Yes, only unsaturated fats are essential.

Question 10

Types of Lipids?

Answer 10

Sat/Trans/Unsat Fatty Acids
Prostaglandins
Mono/Di/Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Steriods

Question 11

What are prostaglandins?

Answer 11

A type of fat that are released from the membrane of injured cells..

These prostaglandins cause inflammation in the body.

Inflammation is redness, warmth, swelling and pain. Aspirin [anti-inflammatory drug] stop the release of prostaglandins and thus reduces inflammation aka redness, pain, swelling and warmth in the injured area.

Question 12

What is Glycerol?

Answer 12

A 3 carbon molecule.

Question 13

How are Monoglycerides, Diglycerides and Triglycerides made?

Answer 13

Mono- Glycerol + 1Fatty Acid
Di- Glycerol + 2Fatty Acid
Tri- Glycerol + 3Fatty Acid

Question 14

How do fat cells store fats?

Answer 14

Fatty acids are stored in cells as Triglyercides.

When fatty acids are consumed, they attach to Glycerols»Triglycerides

Question 15

What happens when we burn fats in the body?

Answer 15

Triglyercide is broken down into Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids.

This is then used for energy.

Question 16

What are phospholipids?

Answer 16

Fats that make-up cell membranes.

Question 17

How are phospholipids created?

Answer 17

Glycerol [3 carbon molecule] + 2 Fatty Acids [hydrophobic] + PO4 [phosphate»hydrophilic]

Question 18

What is the difference between a triglyceride and a Phospholipid?

Answer 18

A phospholipid has a phosphate group on its 3rd carbon, while a triglyceride has a fatty acid on its 3rd carbon.

Question 19

What are emulsifiers?

Answer 19

Substances that allows fats to dissolve in water.

Example: Soap
NaOH [lye] + Fats&raquo_space; Na-Fat + H2O

Example: Oil is on the hand. The fats of the soap attracts the oil [fat] and the Na [hydrophilic] grabs onto the running water and allows the hands to be cleansed.

Question 20

What does Dietary Fiber include?

Answer 20

Cellulose

A indigestible polysccharide of plants. Found in their cell wall.

Question 21

What is Bile?

Answer 21

A substance acts like a ‘green soap’ that acts to emulsify [dissolve] fats in the fluid environment of the small intestine.

Because the body is 60% H20-bile emulsifies oils and butters we consume.

Bile produced in our liver. Then stored in our gall bladder&raquo_space; carried in a bile duct to the small intestine [duodenum] and that allows the fats in our intestine to dissolve in H2O.

Question 21

What is Bile?

Answer 21

A substance acts like a ‘green soap’ that acts to emulsify [dissolve] fats in the fluid environment of the small intestine.

Because the body is 60% H20-bile emulsifies oils and butters we consume.

Bile produced in our liver. Then stored in our gall bladder [a green sac [holds green bile]]» carried in a bile duct to the small intestine [duodenum] and that allows the fats in our intestine to dissolve in H2O.

Question 22

What are steriod hormones made up of?

Answer 22

Cholesterol

Question 23

What are hormones?

Answer 23

Chemicals released into in the bloodstream that casue changes in the body’s activities.

Question 24

What are 2 types of hormones?

Answer 24

Protein and Steriod Hormones

Question 25

What is chloesterol?

Answer 25

A substance [type of fat] used to make steriod hormones.

A substance found primarily in foods sourced from an animal.

Chloesterol is synthesized from saturated fats. The liver can convert saturated fats into chloesterol.

Question 26

Examples of steriod hormones?

Answer 26

Progesterone
Androgens
Cortocosteroids [incl: Cortisol]
Femal Sex Hormones
Cholecalciderol [Vitamin D]

Question 27

Example of an anabolic steriod?

Answer 27

Testosterone-principle male hormone

Anabolic reactions are growth/building process.

Testosterone Promotes Physical Growth

Question 28

What are Androgens?

Name 2 Examples?

Answer 28

Masculizing Hormones

Examples:Testosterone & Adrenal Androgen

Question 29

What is an example of catabolic hormone?

Answer 29

Testosterone-principle male hormone

Catabolic reactionsare breaking down process.

Testosterone increases energy production; hence, increases the rate at which food is broken down.

Question 30

What is the purpose of the steriod hormone Calciferol or Vitamin D?

Cholestrol + Sunlight = Vitamin D

Answer 30

``It increases absorption of Ca2+ in the small intestine.

Ca2+ strengthens bones and teeth