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Biochemistry > Biochemistry lab 2nd year > Flashcards

Biochemistry lab 2nd year Flashcards

1
Q

Reference Range Cholinesterase

A

4 - 10 U/ml

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2
Q

Serum Cholinesterase decreases in…

A
  1. hepatic failure: hepatic cirrhosis, liver insuficiency
  2. intoxication
    CAVE: Serum Cholinesterase is an important marker of liver function.
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3
Q

Reverence range Serum GOT.

A

< 50 U/L

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4
Q

Reverence range Serum GPT.

A

< 45 U/L

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5
Q

Explain Rittis coefficient.

A

GOT/ GPT = 1.33
medical diagnosis for liver damage and hepatotoxicity.

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6
Q

The activity of serum GOT increases in..

A

myocardial infarction, acute hepatits, toxic necrosis of the liver, acute pancreatitis, renal failure.
CAVE: In case of MI, GOT increases significantly.

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7
Q

The activity of serum GPT increases in..

A

acute hepatitis, toxic necrosis, alcoholic liver.

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8
Q

Serum amylase reference range.

A

60 - 300 U/l

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9
Q

Serum amylase is increases in..

A
  1. acute pancreatitis
  2. parotitis.
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10
Q

Acid phosphatase (ACP) has its optimum pH at..

A

4.5

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11
Q

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) has its optimum pH at..

A

10.5

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12
Q

ACP found in..

A
  1. liver
  2. prostate
  3. Erys
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13
Q

ALP found in..

A
  1. liver
  2. bone
  3. gut
  4. kidney
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14
Q

Reference range ACP:

A

< 11 U/l

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15
Q

Reference range ALP:

A

20 - 48 U/l

(children: 38 - 138 U/l)

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16
Q

Reference range GGT:

A

male: 8-50 U/L
female: 8 - 40 U/L

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17
Q

GGT increases in..

A
  1. hepatobiliary disorders
  2. alcoholism
  3. drug administration
  4. acute pancreatitis, Diabetes mellitus
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18
Q

Reverence range of serum glucose..

A

70-110 mg/dl

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19
Q

Hyperglycemia

A
  1. Diabetes mellitus
  2. Cushing diseases
  3. Hyperthyrodism
  4. Peochromocytoma
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20
Q

Hypoglycemia

A
  1. Islet cell carcinoma
  2. Addison disease
  3. Hypothyrodism
  4. Overdose with insulin
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21
Q

Reference range of Urea..

A

15-40 mg/dl

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22
Q

Hyperuremia

A

1. Prerenal: decreases of blood flow in kidney

  • hemorrhage
  • dehydration
  • shock

2. Renal causes: decreased renal function

  • glomerulonephritis
  • tubular necrosis
  • nephrosclerosis

3. Postrenal causes: urinary tract obstruction

  • renal stones
  • tumor of bladder/ prostate
  • urethral strictures
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23
Q

Hypouremia

A

1, Malnutrion of proteins

  1. severe liver disorder
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24
Q

Reference range of Uric acid..

A

2,5 - 7 mg/dl

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25
Q

Hyperuricemia

A

1. Increasd dietary intake

2. Increases uric acid production:

  • gout: inflammantory arthritis of joints, very painful
  • Teatment with chemotherapry: increaed breakdown of cell nuclei

3. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome: decreased excretion

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26
Q

Hypouricemia

A
  1. Severe liver disease
  2. Defective kidney tubular reabsorption
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27
Q

Reverence range Creatinine..

A

0,5 - 1,2 mg/dl

(less in female -> reduces muscle mass.

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28
Q

Hypercreatininemia

A

similar to urea!

1. Prärenal: decreases blood flow in kideny

  • hemorrhage
  • dehydration
  • shock

2. Renal causes: decreased renal function

  • Glomerulonephritis
  • acute tubular necrosis
  • nephrosclerosis

3. Postrenal causes: urinary tract obstruction

  • renal stones
  • tumors of bladder or prostate
  • urehtal strictures
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29
Q

Hypocreatininemia

A
  1. severe liver disease
  2. myasthenia gravis: autoimmune disease by which antbodies destroy communication between nerves & muscles
30
Q

Reverence range bilirubin..

A

0,2 - 1,0 mg/dl

31
Q

Pathological modification of bilirubin

A

Ikterus, Jaundice = yellow pigmention of the skin and eyes (sclerae)

1. Hemolytic jaunice (Prähepatic)

2. Obsturctive jaundice (Posthepatic)

3. Hepatocellular jaundice

32
Q

Reference range plasma total lipid concentration..

A

600-800 mg/dl

33
Q

Hyperlipidemia (Hyperlipoproteinemia)

A

1. Primary:

  • Lipoprotein lipase defiency
  • LDL receptor deficiency
  • increased apo-B production
  • decreased apo-E prodcution
  • overproduction of triglycerides by liver

2. Secondary:

  • in diabetes mellitus
  • nephrotic syndrome
  • hypothyroidsm
  • pancreatitis
  • obstructive liver and bile canaliculi disease
  • pregnancy

-

34
Q

Hypolipidemia (Hypolipoproteinemia)

A

1. Primary:

Tangier disease

2. Secondary:

  • malnutrition
  • liver disorder: hepatic cirrhosis, liver insufficiency
  • severe anemia
  • hyperthyroidsm
35
Q

Cholesterol reverence range

A

150 - 220 mg/dl

36
Q

Hypercholesterolemia

A
  1. diabetes mellitus
  2. nephrotic syndrome
  3. hypothyroidism
  4. obstructive liver and bile canaliculi diseases
  5. atherioscleoris and cardiovascular diseases
  6. pregnancy
37
Q

Hypocholesterolemia

A
  1. malnutrition & malabsorption
  2. hyperthyroidism
  3. hepatic cirrhosis
  4. liver insufficiency
  5. severe anemia
38
Q

Reverence range of triglycerides

A

50 - 150 mg/dl

39
Q

Hypertriglyceridemia

A
  1. Primary hyperlipoproteinemia: type 1, 4, 5
  2. diabetes mellitus
  3. pancreatitis
  4. cardiovascular disease
  5. nephrotic syndrome
  6. hormone use
40
Q

Hypotriglyceridemia

A
  1. Primary hypolipoproteinemia
  2. Malnutrition
  3. Severe liver diseases
  4. anemia
41
Q

Reference range total serum protein

A

6 - 8 g/dl

albumin: 4,5 - 5,5 g/dl
globulin: 1,5 - 2,5 g/dl

42
Q

Hyperproteinemia

A
  1. multiple myeloma
  2. Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
43
Q

Hypoproteinemia

A
  1. liver disease: hepatic cirrhosis, liver tumor, liver insufficiency
  2. kidney disease: glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome
44
Q

Acute inflammation:

A

a1 globulins high

a2 globulins high

45
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

gamma globulin high

46
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

Total protein high

gamma protein high

47
Q

Hepatic cirrhosis

A

Total protein low

Albumin low

b globulin high

gamma globulin high

48
Q

Nephrotic syndrome

A

Total protein low

Albumin low

gamma protein low

a2 protein high

b globulin high (in severe form)

49
Q

Hypogammaglobulinemia

A

Total protein low

gamma protein low

50
Q

Reverence range Hemaglobin

A

male: 14 - 18 g/dl
female: 12 - 16 g/dl

51
Q

Increased Hb:

A

polycythemia

52
Q

Decreased Hb:

A

anemia

53
Q

HbA1

A

total glycosylated hemoglobin =>

average blood glucose level of last two or three months (120 days)

< 5 % normal

> 9 % diabetes mellitus

54
Q

HbA1c

A

major glycosylated hemoglobin fraction

55
Q

Principle for serum glucsoe

A
  1. Glucose oxidase (GOD) oxidize Glucose to glunocic acid with formation hydrogen peroxide.

2. Peroxidase (POD) catalyzes oxidation of diansidine (yellow compound).

56
Q

Principle urea

A

Berthelot method:

  1. Urease hydrolyse urea to ammnonium in the formation of blue coloured indophenol by sodium nitroprusside

Absorbtion: 620.

57
Q

Principle uric acid

A
  1. Uricase oxidize uric acid and hydrogen peroxide to allantoin.
  2. Peroxidase oxidize hydrogen peroxide to yellow compound dianisidine.

Absorbance: 436 nm

58
Q

Principle of creatinine

A

Jaffe method:

Creatinine with picric acid in alkaline solution form a red-orange complex.

Absorbance. 520 nm

59
Q

Bilirubin Principle

A
  1. Serum/ plasma in a solution with sodium acetate and caffeine together with (diazotized) sulfanilic acid form red - purple azobilirubin.

Absorbance: 560 nm

60
Q

Principle plasma total lipids

A

Plasma lipids in presence of

  • sulfuric acid
  • phosphoric acid,
  • vanillin (under heating conditions) form a pink compound.

Absorbance: 580 nm

61
Q

Principle cholesterol

A
  1. Cholesterol in persence of sulfuric acid, acetic anhydride form a blue compound.
62
Q

Principle Triglycerides

A
  1. Lipase oxidize Triglycerides into Glycerol and fatty acids.
  2. Glycerol kinase phosphorylate Glycerol into Glycercol 3-phosphate .
  3. Glycerol 3 phosphate oxidase tranform Glycerol 3-phosphate into 3- Phosphoglyceric acid.
  4. In the presence of peroxidase a yellow compound diasidine is obtained.
63
Q

Principle of serum protein

A

Cupric ions with peptide bonds in an alkaline medium form a violet colored complex.

Absorbance: 540 nm

64
Q

Principle hemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin in presence of Drabkin reagent form cyanmethemoglobin.

65
Q

Principle Serum Cholinesterase

A
  1. Pseudocholinesterase hydrolyze butyrylthiocholine to thiocholine and butyric acid.
  2. Thioline reacts with DTNB. to form yellow compound 5-thio-2 nitrobenzoic acid.

Absorbance: 412 nm.

66
Q

Principle serum transferase

A
  1. AST/ ALT react with colour reaction of keto acid with 2,4 dinitrophenyl hydrazine to form 2,4 dinitrophenyl hydrazone.

Absorbance: 546 nm.

67
Q

Principle serum amylase

A
  1. Amylase determine the amount of unhydrolzyed starch after its reaction with iodine.
  2. The resulted product - starch I<strong>2 </strong>= blue.

Absorbance: 620 nm.

68
Q

Principle acid and alkaline phosphatase

A

Paranitrophenylphosphate hydrolyzed to yellow compound

para nitrophenol in alkaline medium.

Aborbance: 405 nm

69
Q

Principle Gamma - Glutamyl Tansferase

A
  1. Gammaglutamyl transferase (GGT) catalyse the transfer of gamma-glutamyl group from a donor substrate (gamma-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide) to a acceptor (glycylglycine) with the formation of a

yellow p-nitroaniline.

Aborbance: 405 nm

70
Q
A
71
Q
A

Biochemistry (15 decks)

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