Biochemistry lab 2nd year Flashcards

Question

Hyperuricemia

Answer 1

**1. Increasd dietary intake** **2. Increases uric acid production:** - gout: inflammantory arthritis of joints, very painful - Teatment with chemotherapry: increaed breakdown of cell nuclei **3. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome:** decreased excretion

Answer 2

1. Severe liver disease 2. Defective kidney tubular reabsorption

Answer 3

0,5 - 1,2 mg/dl (less in female -\> reduces muscle mass.

Answer 4

similar to urea! **1. Prärenal: *decreases blood flow in kideny*** - hemorrhage - dehydration - shock **2. Renal causes: *decreased renal function*** - Glomerulonephritis - acute tubular necrosis - nephrosclerosis **3. Postrenal causes: *urinary tract obstruction*** - renal stones - tumors of bladder or prostate - urehtal strictures

Answer 5

1. severe liver disease 2. myasthenia gravis: autoimmune disease by which antbodies destroy communication between nerves & muscles

Answer 6

0,2 - 1,0 mg/dl

Answer 7

Ikterus, Jaundice = yellow pigmention of the skin and eyes (sclerae) **1. Hemolytic jaunice (Prähepatic)** **2. Obsturctive jaundice (Posthepatic)** **3. Hepatocellular jaundice**

Answer 8

600-800 mg/dl

Answer 9

**1. Primary:** - Lipoprotein lipase defiency - LDL receptor deficiency - increased apo-B production - decreased apo-E prodcution - overproduction of triglycerides by liver **2. Secondary:** - in diabetes mellitus - nephrotic syndrome - hypothyroidsm - pancreatitis - obstructive liver and bile canaliculi disease - pregnancy -

Answer 10

**1. Primary:** Tangier disease **2. Secondary:** - malnutrition - liver disorder: hepatic cirrhosis, liver insufficiency - severe anemia - hyperthyroidsm

Answer 11

150 - 220 mg/dl

Answer 12

1. diabetes mellitus 2. nephrotic syndrome 3. hypothyroidism 4. obstructive liver and bile canaliculi diseases 5. atherioscleoris and cardiovascular diseases 6. pregnancy

Answer 13

1. malnutrition & malabsorption 2. hyperthyroidism 3. hepatic cirrhosis 4. liver insufficiency 5. severe anemia

Answer 14

50 - 150 mg/dl

Answer 15

1. Primary hyperlipoproteinemia: type 1, 4, 5 2. diabetes mellitus 3. pancreatitis 4. cardiovascular disease 5. nephrotic syndrome 6. hormone use

Answer 16

1. Primary hypolipoproteinemia 2. Malnutrition 3. Severe liver diseases 4. anemia

Answer 17

**6 - 8 g/dl** albumin: 4,5 - 5,5 g/dl globulin: 1,5 - 2,5 g/dl

Answer 18

1. multiple myeloma 2. Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia

Answer 19

1. liver disease: hepatic cirrhosis, liver tumor, liver insufficiency 2. kidney disease: glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome

Answer 20

a1 globulins high a2 globulins high

Answer 21

gamma globulin high

Answer 22

Total protein high gamma protein high

Answer 23

Total protein low Albumin low b globulin high gamma globulin high

Answer 24

Total protein low Albumin low gamma protein low a2 protein high b globulin high (in severe form)

Answer 25

Total protein low gamma protein low

Answer 26

male: 14 - 18 g/dl female: 12 - 16 g/dl

Answer 27

polycythemia

Answer 28

total glycosylated hemoglobin =\> average blood glucose level of last two or three months (120 days) **\< 5 % normal** **\> 9 %** **_diabetes mellitus_**

Answer 29

major glycosylated hemoglobin fraction

Answer 30

1. **Glucose oxidase (GOD)** oxidize Glucose to glunocic acid with formation hydrogen peroxide. **2. Peroxidase (POD)** catalyzes oxidation of diansidine (yellow compound).

Answer 31

Berthelot method: 1. **Urease** hydrolyse ***urea*** to ammnonium in the formation of blue coloured indophenol by sodium nitroprusside Absorbtion: 620.

Answer 32

1. **Uricase** oxidize uric acid and hydrogen peroxide to allantoin. 2. **Peroxidase** oxidize hydrogen peroxide to yellow compound dianisidine. Absorbance: 436 nm

Answer 33

**Jaffe method:** Creatinine with **picric acid** in alkaline solution form a red-orange complex. ***Absorbance. 520 nm***

Answer 34

1. Serum/ plasma in a solution with sodium acetate and caffeine together with (diazotized) sulfanilic acid form red - purple azobilirubin. ## Footnote ***Absorbance: 560 nm***

Answer 35

Plasma lipids in presence of - sulfuric acid - phosphoric acid, - vanillin (under heating conditions) form a pink compound. ***Absorbance: 580 nm***

Answer 36

1. Cholesterol in persence of sulfuric acid, acetic anhydride form a blue compound.

Answer 37

1. **Lipase** oxidize Triglycerides into Glycerol and fatty acids. 2. **Glycerol kinase** phosphorylate Glycerol into Glycercol 3-phosphate . 3. **Glycerol 3 phosphate oxidase** tranform Glycerol 3-phosphate into 3- Phosphoglyceric acid. 4. In the presence of **peroxidase** a yellow compound diasidine is obtained.

Answer 38

Cupric ions with peptide bonds in an alkaline medium form a violet colored complex. ## Footnote ***Absorbance: 540 nm***

Answer 39

Hemoglobin in presence of Drabkin reagent form cyanmethemoglobin.

Answer 40

1. **Pseudocholinesterase** hydrolyze butyrylthiocholine to thiocholine and butyric acid. 2. Thioline reacts with DTNB. to form yellow compound 5-thio-2 nitrobenzoic acid. ***Absorbance: 412 nm.***

Answer 41

1. AST/ ALT react with colour reaction of keto acid with 2,4 dinitrophenyl hy**drazine** to form 2,4 dinitrophenyl hy**drazone.** Absorbance: 546 nm.

Answer 42

1. **Amylase** determine the amount of unhydrolzyed starch after its reaction with iodine. 2. The resulted product - **starch I**₂**=** blue. Absorbance: 620 nm.

Answer 43

**Paranitrophenylphosphate** hydrolyzed to yellow compound **para nitrophenol** in alkaline medium. ***Aborbance: 405 nm***

Answer 44

1. **Gammaglutamyl transferase (GGT)** catalyse the transfer of gamma-glutamyl group from a donor substrate (gamma-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide) to a acceptor (glycylglycine) with the formation of a yellow **p-nitroaniline.** ***Aborbance: 405 nm***