Biochemistry : Carbohydrates Flashcards
1
Q
What are some gastrointestinal conditions?
A
- Constipation
- Diarrhoea
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome
- Stomach ulcer
2
Q
What are the triggers of IBS?
A
- Food
- Alcohol
- Stress/ anxiety
3
Q
What are foods/ sugars called that cause discomfort in IBS?
A
- They are liable for fermentation in the lower GI tract (FODMAP)
- Could draw water into SI / go into Large intestine undigested
4
Q
What is glucose and its forms?
A
- Sugar that undergoes fermentation
- 6 carbons, energy source, monosaccharide
- Fischer (long chain), Haworth (ring structure)
5
Q
What are differences between the forms of glucose?
A
- Fischer: will have more energy cause aldehyde has more chemical energy
- Natural form of simple sugars tends to be cyclical form - less reactive and stored in leaf or mammalian cell
6
Q
What are the different carbohydrates?
A
- Monosaccharide (single ring)
- Disaccharide (2 rings) joined by O glycosidic bond
- Oligosaccharide (few rings)
- Polysaccharide (many rings)
7
Q
What are the 3 most abundant polysaccharides?
A
- Starch
- Glycogen
- Cellulose
8
Q
What are the sources and structures of starch?
A
- Potatoes, wheat, rice
- Exists in 2 polymers : amylose (coiled) and amylopectin (branched)
9
Q
What is glycogen and where is it stored and structure?
A
- Energy storage in animals
- Stored in liver and muscle cells
- alpha glucose, 1-4, 1-6 links, branched
10
Q
What is cellulose, function and structure?
A
- Plant cell walls, remain stiff and upright, b glucose, straight chains 1-4
11
Q
How does mannitol create diarrhoea?
A
- High osmotic value
- Attracts gastro fluids / water towards its structure into small and large intestine
12
Q
What is conjugation?
A
- Drugs in the body are made more seater soluble by having sugar molecules attached to them.
- Takes place in the liver, ER
Enzyme: UDP glucironosyltransferase
13
Q
What is the main sugar used in conjugation called?
A
- Glucuronic acid - increases OH groups, H bonding and water solubility
