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Endocrine > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytoplasm

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2
Q

Insulin increases the activity of what enzyme?

A

Hexokinase - to increase glucose breakdown

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3
Q

Glucagon decreases the activity of what enzyme?

A

Phosphofructokinase

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4
Q

Increased specific gravity indicates:

A

dehydration

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5
Q

How do you calculate anion gap?

A

EC anions minus EC cations = (Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3-)

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6
Q

Normal anion gap range

A

8-16 (over 16 indicates acidosis)

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7
Q

ATP provides energy to run for:

A

4 secs

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8
Q

Phosphocreatine provides energy to run for:

A

15 secs

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9
Q

Glucose provides energy to run for:

A

4 mins

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10
Q

Glycogen provides energy to run for:

A

77 mins

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11
Q

Fat provides energy to run for:

A

3.5 days

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12
Q

When glycogen reaches max storage in liver and muscle, how is further carbohydrate stored?

A

Adipose

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13
Q

How do you calculate plasma osmolality?

A

2x(Na+K) + urea + glucose

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14
Q

Normal plasma osmolality

A

285-295

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15
Q

TZD is contraindicated in:

A

HF (fluid retention - weight gain)

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16
Q

Only drug that decreases macrovascular complications

A

Metformin

17
Q

When should Metformin not be used?

A

Renal impairment GFR

18
Q

When should Metformin be stopped?

A

Peri-operatively or during severe illness

19
Q

How does glucose enter cells?

A

GLUT2 then phosphorylated by glucokinase to glucose-6-phosphate

20
Q

How many ATP generated per glucose?

A

36 ATP

21
Q

2 proteins in Katp channel

A

Kir6.1

SUR1 (SU closes, diazoxide opens)

22
Q

Structure of insulin receptor

A

2 EC alpha
2 transmembrane Beta
Insulin binds alpha subunits -> Beta unit autophosphorylation -> ras/MAPK pathway

23
Q

Leprechaunism

A

Donohue syndrome
Auto rec
Severe insulin resistance (defects in receptor)
Elfin face, growth retardation

24
Q

How are ketone bodies formed?

A

B-oxidation of fatty acids

Forms acetyl CoA

25
Q

Hydrostatic forces

A

Push water out

26
Q

Osmotic forces

A

Pull water in

Endocrine (13 decks)

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