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Module 4 > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 ways cells communicate with each other?

A

electrical communication
chemical communication

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2
Q

which type of cell communication is the major form of information transfer between cells?

A

chemical

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3
Q

is electrical communication signals fast or slow?

A

fast

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4
Q

what does electrical communication depend on the presence of?

A

gap junctions

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5
Q

what is the function of gap junctions?

A

allow information to pass directly from one cell to its neighbour

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6
Q

in order for a cells signal to trigger a response what must they be transmitted across?

A

the cell membrane

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7
Q

only cells that have the correct …. on their surface will respond to the signal
fill in the blank

A

receptor

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8
Q

what does EGF stand for?

A

epidermal growth factor

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9
Q

what does TGFa and TGFb stand for?

A

transforming growth factor alpha and beta

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10
Q

what does FGF stand for?

A

fibroblast growth factor

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11
Q

what enzyme is responsible for phosphorylation?

A

kinase

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12
Q

what enzyme is involved in desphorylation?

A

phosphatase

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13
Q

what happens when cell communication goes wrong?

A

results in disease

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14
Q

what are the types of cell communication going wrong?

A

losing the signal
when a signal doesn’t reach its target
when its target ignores the signal
too much signal
multiple breakdown

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15
Q

what are the hallmarks of cancer?

A

sustaining proliferative signalling
evading growth suppressors
activating invasion and metastasis
enabling replicative immortality
inducing angiogenesis
resisting cell death

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16
Q

what are the main growth factors in OSCC

A

EGF
TGFb
FGF
VEGF

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17
Q

what common receptor activates a range of intracellular signalling pathways which are common in oral cancer?

A

EGFR

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18
Q

What are the common signalling pathways involved in oral cancer?

A

PI3 kinase, AKT pathway
JAK-STAT pathway
PKC, IKK-alpha pathway
Ras, Raf and MEK pathway

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19
Q

what antibody therapies are involved in potential target therapy for HNSCC and which one is the most effective?

A

cetuximab - most effective
trastuzumab
bevacizumab

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20
Q

what does cancer-critical refer to?

A

all genes whose alteration contributes to, causing or evolution of, cancer by driving tumourigenesis

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21
Q

what does tumourigenesis mean?

A

tumour development

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22
Q

evolution of the tumour depends upon its microenvironment provided by what cells?

A

stroma cells

23
Q

the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclear of an organism or species is referred to as what?

A

karyotype

24
Q

there are 2 main classes of cancer-critical genes, what are they?

A

proto-oncogenes
tumour supressor genes

25
Q

mutant, overactive or over expressed forms of proto-oncogens are called what?

A

oncogenes

26
Q

define proto-oncogenes

A

where a gain-of-function mutation can drive a cell towards cancer

27
Q

define tumour-suppressor genes

A

where a loss of function mutation(s) can contribute towards cancer

28
Q

define loss of function

A

generally refers to the tumour suppressor genes, where loss of function leads towards cancer development

29
Q

define gain of function

A

generally refers to a situation where gain of function leads towards cancer development. e.g. when proto-oncogenes are mutated, overactive or over-expressed (now called oncogenes)

30
Q

what 3 pathways are often found to be damaged in tumours?

A

p53 pathway
Rb pathway
RTK/Ras/PI3K pathway

31
Q

define the p53 pathway

A

genes within the pathway that regulate responses to stress and DNA damage

32
Q

define the Rb pathway

A

Rb itself and genes that regulate Rb
Involved in initiation of the cell division cycle

33
Q

define the RTK/Ras/PI3K pathway

A

this pathway transmits signals for cell growth and division from the outside of the cell into the cell

34
Q

what is the protein function of the gene TP53?

A

Transcription factor

35
Q

What is the protein function of the gene RB1?

A

transcriptional co-repression

36
Q

what is the protein function of the gene PTEN

A

lipid phosphatase

37
Q

what is the protein function of BRCA1?

A

DNA repair, cell cycle control, genomic stability

38
Q

what is the protein function of ARF?

A

MDM2 antagonist (p53 stability)

39
Q

what is the protein function of NF1?

A

GTPase Activating protein for ras

40
Q

what gene is p53 encoded by?

A

TP53

41
Q

What does p53 activation result in?

A

cell cycle arrest, senescence and apoptosis

42
Q

cells lacking in functional p53 will lead to what?

A

cells may continue to replicate damaged DNA, increasing the chances of accumulating potentially oncogenic mutations

43
Q

HPV encodes a protein that activates a specific …. enzyme
fill in the blank

A

E3

44
Q

what is the name of a protein TAG that attaches to a protein targeting it for degredation

A

Ubiquitin

45
Q

mutations in the PI3/AKT/mTOR pathway drive what type of cells to grow?

A

cancer

46
Q

cancer occurs/genes there are 4 types of chromosomal mutations, what are they?

A

deletion: a particular base is deleted
dupplication: a particular base pair is duplicated
inversion: inversion is when a base pair attaches to a different region of the chromosome
translocation: are two chromosome crossing and swaping genes

47
Q

modifications of DNA that switch specific gene expressions on/off are known as what?

A

epigenetic mechanisms

the 4 type of chromosonal mutations are an example of epigentic mutations

48
Q

disruptions in key pathways is common to many cancers

three key pathways more than often found to be affected in tumors

P53 pathway: P53 is produced when damage to the DNA is detected

what are the 3 main functions of P53

A

produce P21, which is responsible for cell arrest by inhibiting CDK and Cyclin
promotes DNA repair
produces proteins for Apoptosis

49
Q

which protein is responsible for cell arrest by the inhibition of CDK and Cyclin

A

P21 is responsible for cell arrest, however P21 is activated by P53

50
Q

disruptions in key pathways is common to many cancers

three key pathways more than often found to be affected in tumors

the Rb pathway (retinoblastoma) results in the inactivation of the E2F.

what happens when E2F is inactive

A

E2F is a transcriptase factor and is responsible for reading the DNA, to produce proteins.

E2F is found during the g1 phase of the cell cycle

if there is a mutation of the retinoblastoma protein or the gene that produces the protein. this will result in the failure of Rb protein inactivating the E2F .

as a result the mutated cell will be allowed to move to the next cycle.

51
Q

disruptions in key pathways is common to many cancers

three key pathways more than often found to be affected in tumors

what is the function of the RAS pathway and how is this affected when somene has cancer.

A

the function of the RAS pathway is to activate the nucleus to activate the growth genes.

growth factors activate the GFR by binding on to it and this causes phosphorylisation

this pathway transmits signals for cell growth and division from the outside of the cell into the cell.

someone with cancer this pathway is constantly on (oncogene activated)

52
Q

when damaged DNA is detected, protein kinase activates P53

active P53 then binds where

A

active P53 binds to the regulatory region of the P21 gene

53
Q

children who inherit a reccesive tumor supressor gene compared to those who recieve two functional tumor supressor gene.

how does this affect them?

A

people develop cancers due to complications in the cancer critical genes.

even if there is one functioning tumor suppresor gene the person can be free from cancer.

however due to epigenetic factors tumor supressor genes can be damaged which cause cancer,

soneone with one functioning tumor supressor gene is more likely to develop different cancers at a young age.

54
Q

The complete DNA sequence of a cancer cell genome can now be easily obtained.

looking for mutations in the genes that code for protein (~21,000 genes), mutations which affect the resultant protein sequence or the expression of the gene

what type of analysis is this

A

exome analysis

Module 4 (9 decks)

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