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D1 > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Omega 3 reduces

A

Inflammation and TG

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2
Q

Serum Sodium is the best assessment for Fluid status
when High:
when Low:

A

High: Dehydration
Low: Over-Hydration

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3
Q

BMR

  1. What is it?
  2. What it depends on?
A

BMR is 60-90% of Total Energy Expenditure
1. BMR is the # of kcal you burn at reset
2. Age, weight, health
(women have 5-10% lower BMR than men)

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4
Q

TEF is what percentage

A

Thermal Effect of Food

TEF is 10% of the total energy expenditure; it is the energy used to digest food

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5
Q

RQ w/ a pt w/ COPD

A

Increase their fat intake and decrease their CHO

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6
Q

When acidic chyme enters the duodenum, it

A

mixes w/ fluids and bicarbonate ions to neutralize the acid

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7
Q

Where does __ take place?

  1. Glycolysis
  2. TCA
A
  1. Cytoplasm

2. Mitochondria

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8
Q

___ is the most glucogenic AA

A

Alanine

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9
Q

Osmosis

A

Fluid moves from low to high

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10
Q

For glycolysis you need what vitamins and mineral

A

Vita B’s and Mg

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11
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis

  1. what caused it
  2. compensation?
A
  1. Low blood levels to Co2 during HYPERVENTILATION

2. Kidneys need to excrete base

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12
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

  1. What is it?
  2. What caused it?
  3. Compensation?
A
  1. When we breathe, lungs remove excess CO2
  2. Lungs are retaining acid d/t HYPOVENTILATION
  3. Kidneys absorption goes up of bicarbonate
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13
Q

Omega 6

  1. what it builds
  2. Deficiency symptoms
A
  1. builds fetal nervous system

2. If deficient, it can lead to petechiae and ezcema

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14
Q

Eating omega 6 instead of Sat. Fat (cooking w/ safflower oil vs coconut)

A

It will lower Total Cholesterol and HDL

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15
Q

___ is needed for transamination and deamination

A

B6

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16
Q

CHO (Anabolism)

  1. Gluconeogenesis
  2. Glycogenesis
A
  1. Pyruvate to glucose

2. Glucose to glycogen

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17
Q

CHO (Catabolism)

  1. Glycolysis
  2. Glycogenolysis
A
  1. Glucose to Pyruvate

2. Glycogen to glucose

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18
Q

How to calculate energy for

  1. obese
  2. normal
  3. Underweight
  4. Overweight
A
  1. Mifflin St. Jeor
  2. Mifflin St. Jeor
  3. ABW
  4. ABW
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19
Q

BMI formula

A

703 x lbs/in^2

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20
Q

Protein (catabolism) uses:

A

Proteolysist, Deamination, and Transamination

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21
Q

In lack of 02, what is made

A

Lactic acid

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22
Q

If there is a high plasma pyruvate, it means

A

Vita B deficient

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23
Q

Protein (Anabolism)

1. Gluconeogensis

A
  1. AA to glucose
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24
Q

When the extracellular water increases in relation to intracellular water; may indicate
1.
2.

A
  1. Acute inflammation (body sends additional flow to area)

2. Renal disease (High sodium is in kidneys, and extracellular levels can increase edema)

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25
Q

Bile is produced in LIVER and store in Gallbladder; but when gallbladder is diseased, bile is secreted into

26
Q

Anabolism (4)

  1. what does it do
  2. requires or releases?
  3. Examples
  4. hormones
A
  1. Builder
  2. Requires energy
  3. ex: gluconeogenesis
  4. growth hormone, testosterone and estrogen
27
Q

Catabolism (4)

  1. what does it do
  2. requires or releases?
  3. Examples
  4. hormones
A
  1. Breaks down
  2. Releases energy
  3. Ex: Glycolysis
  4. adrenaline, cortisol and glucagon
28
Q

Diffusion

A

Particles moves from high to low

29
Q

Ascites

A

Edema in the abdomen (b/c liver damage)

30
Q

Alcohol is absorbed and digested where?

A
  1. absorbed in the stomach and small intestine

2. Digested in liver

31
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

  1. What is it
  2. What caused it
  3. Compensation
A
  1. When the body has too much acid and kidneys cant remove it
  2. Seen in DKA w/ type 1 diabetes
  3. Increases in respiration to excrete C02 (HYPERVENTILATION)
32
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis

  1. What is it
  2. What caused it
  3. Compensation
A
  1. Too many alkali producing bicarbonate
  2. Retention of base, vomiting and dehydration
  3. Decrease in respiration to retain C02 (hypoventilation)
33
Q

Eating Omega 3 instead of High CHO?

A

Will lower Triglycerides

34
Q

Winterized Oils

  1. Clear or cloudy
  2. 3 examples
A

Clear not cloudy

  • corn
  • soy
  • cottonseed oil
35
Q

Insulin hormone

  1. Produced
  2. Becomes active when
  3. stimulates
  4. inhibits
A
  1. By beta cells of the pancreas (decreases glucose levels)
  2. Becomes active when BG is HIGH
  3. The uptake of glucose and AA into the cells (the synthesis of glycogen by increasing glucose uptake by the liver)
  4. Gluconeogensis
36
Q

When you eat omega 6 instead of CHO?

A

Lower LDL, and increase HDL

37
Q

Cori-Cycle

A

when lactic acid goes to pyruvic acid

38
Q

If a pt is over-feed..

A

it will increase RQ and lipogenesis

39
Q

Elderly are low in ___ and often ___

A
  1. low in Fe and Calcium (d/t decreased absorption)

2. Constipated (d/t lower gastric motility)

40
Q

Non-essential AA

  1. Name 4
  2. What do they do
A
  1. Alanine, glutamine, cysteine, proline
  2. Support tissue growth and repair
    * the body can make them
41
Q

Omega 6 sources (5)

A

soybean, corn, meat, fish and eggs

42
Q

Nitrogen balance

  1. zero balance
  2. positive
  3. Negative
A
  1. zero = maintenance
  2. positive = infancy, pregnancy, healing
  3. Negative = inadequate intake
43
Q

Indirect calorimetry

  1. used for
  2. measures
A
  1. Used for athletes, individuals and burned patients

2. it measures oxygen

44
Q

Lungs control _____

Kidneys control _____

A
  1. carbonic acid

2. bicarbonate

45
Q

EEPA

A

Energy Expended in Physical Activity

15-30% of calories burned w/ physical activity

46
Q

FAT (catabolism)

  1. Beta-Oxidation
  2. Lipolysis
A
  1. FA to Acetyl CoA

2. FA + Glycerol to TG

47
Q

Fat (anabolism)

  1. FA synthesis
  2. Lipogenesis
A
  1. Acetyl CoA to FA

2. TG to FA and Glycerol

48
Q

Essential AA

  1. 6
  2. can the body make them?
  3. Tyrosine’s roll
A
  1. Histidine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine, Tryptophan, phenyalanine
  2. Body cant make them
  3. Tyrosine is essential in people w/ PKU
49
Q

Glucagon

  1. produced w/
  2. Becomes active when
  3. Stimulates the
A
  1. Alpha cells in the pancreas (stimulates glycogen breakdown)
  2. BG level is low
  3. The release of F.A from TG and Gluconeogenesis
50
Q

MeQ =

A

Mg/atomic weight x valence

51
Q

Anasacra

A

Extreme generalized edema (seen in CHF, liver failure, and renal failure)

52
Q

Glycolysis

A

Breaks down glucose and makes pyruvate for TCA cycle

53
Q

Ketone bodies (3)

A
  1. acetoacetic acid
  2. acetone
  3. beta-hydroxybutyric
54
Q

Omega 3 sources (5)

A

walnuts, chia seeds, oysters, sardines, and flax seeds

55
Q

Conditionally essential AA

  1. name 7
  2. what are they used for
A
  1. Lysteine, glycine, glutamine, arginine, proline, tyrosine, serine
  2. Essential in illness/stress
56
Q

Extracellular electrolytes (4):

A

Na, Ca, Chloride, Bicarbonate

57
Q

Secretin hormone

  1. secreted in
  2. inhibits
  3. stimulates
A
  1. Secreted in duodenum
  2. Inhibits gastric acid secretion and gastrin hormone
  3. Stimulates flow of pancreatic juice and water
58
Q

RQ of Macro’s

  1. What is it
  2. CHO
  3. PRO
  4. FAT
  5. Mixed
A
  1. The ratio of Co2 given off to that of oxygen consumed
  2. 1
  3. .82
  4. .7
  5. .85
59
Q

Gastrin Hormone

  1. produced by
  2. stimulates
  3. aids in
  4. Released in
A
  1. Produced by stomach
  2. Stimulates gastric secretions and motility
  3. Aids in gastric motility
  4. Released in pyloric antrum of the stomach, duodenum and the pancreas
60
Q

Lipase

  1. produced by
  2. site of action
A
  1. pancreas

2. Small intestine

61
Q

Atomic weight and Valence of

  1. Na
  2. K
  3. Ca
A
  1. NA: weight 23 & valiance 1
  2. K: weight 39 & valiance 1
  3. Ca: weight 40 & valiance 2
62
Q

Intracellular electrolytes

D1 (6 decks)

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