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Neuroanatomy > Biochemical basis of neuropsychiatric disorders > Flashcards

Biochemical basis of neuropsychiatric disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what are the biogenic amines

A 
acetyl choline
dopamine
norepinephrine
epinephreine
serotonin
malatonin
histamine
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2
Q

what are the biogenic amines derived from tyrosine

A

DA, NE, and epi

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3
Q

what are the biogenic amines derived from indolamines

A

5Ht and melatonin,

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4
Q

what are the amino acid neurotransmitters

A

glu, asp, gly, GABA, ser, Cys

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5
Q

names of the purigenic neurotransmitters

A

adenosine, UTP, ATP, ADP and ApnA (diadenosine)

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6
Q

D1 and D2

A

excitatory, increase cAMP

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7
Q

D2-D4

A

inhibitory, decreases cAMP

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8
Q

5HT1 and 5Ht5

A

inhibitory, decreases cAMP

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9
Q

5Ht2

A

excitatory, increases IP3/DAG

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10
Q

5Ht3

A

excitatory, ligand gated sodium channel

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11
Q

5HT4,6,7

A

excitatory increases cAMP

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12
Q

alpha 1

A

excitatory, increases IP3, DAG, NE>EPi

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13
Q

alpha 2

A

inhibitory- decreases CAMP, epi> NE

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14
Q

beta 123

A

excitatory, increases cAMP

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15
Q

H1

A

excitatory, increases IP3 and DAG

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16
Q

H2

A

excitatory increases cAMP

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17
Q

H3,4

A

inhibitory- decreases cAMP

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18
Q

N12

A

excitatory, ligand gated sodium channel

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19
Q

M13,5

A

excitatory, increases IP3, DAG

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20
Q

M2,4

A

decreases cAMP

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21
Q

AMPA and kainate

A

excitatory sodium channels

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22
Q

NMDA

A

excitatory sodium and calcium channels

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23
Q

mGLU R 1 and 5

A

excitotry increases IP3, DAG (class I)

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24
Q

mGLU r 2,3,4,6,7,8

A

inhibitory, decreases cAMP

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25
Q

GABA receptors

A

all are inhibitory

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26
Q

GABAa

A

ligand gated chloride channel

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27
Q

GABAb

A

second messenger triggered potassium channel

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28
Q

GABAc

A

ligand gated chloride channel

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29
Q

Gly

A

inhibitory, ligand gated chlroide channel

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30
Q

all neurohomrone s

A

exchitatory, increased IP3 and DAG except arginine vasopresin receptor 2

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31
Q

all tachykinin receptors

A

excitatory increases IP3 and DAG

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32
Q

delta, leu-met-enkephalin

A

2nd messenger trigger potassium channel

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33
Q

kappa, dynorphin

A

inhibitory decreases caMP

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34
Q

mu, enkelphins and endorphins

A

2nd messenger, triggered potassium channel

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35
Q

what are the clinical characteristics of parkinson’s disease

A

tremos, kradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability

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36
Q

lewy bodies are characteristic of what disease ?

A

parkinson’s disease

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37
Q

loss of what is characteristic of parkinson’s disease

A

substantia nigra

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38
Q

what commonly coexists with parkinson’s disease

A

alzheimer disease

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39
Q

where is dopamine found

A

midbrain, substansia nigra, pars compacta and ventral tegmental area

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40
Q

main targets of dopamine

A

striatum, limbic cortex, amygdala, nucleus acumbens, prefrontal cortex (D1-5), movements, initiative, working memory

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41
Q

what is the function of dopamine

A

movements, initative and working memory

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42
Q

substantia nigra pars compact pathway

A

mesostraital (migrostraital) to straitum (putamen and caudate

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43
Q

what is the mesolimbic pathway

A

VTA to limbic (cingulate corttex)

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44
Q

mesocortical pathway

A

VTA to cortex (prefrontal, and entorhinal)

45
Q

negative symptoms of schinzoprhenia are from

A

mesocritcal pathway

46
Q

cognitive aspects of parkinsons is daamge to what

A

mesocrotical pathway

47
Q

what percentage of nigral cells must be lost before we start showing symptoms of parksinson

A

80-90%

48
Q

dopamine is synthesized from

A

phenylalanine to tyrosine to dopa to dopamine

49
Q

most common treatment for Parkinson’s disease

A

L dopa given with carbidopa

50
Q

can DA cross bbb

A

NO

51
Q

can L dopa cross the BBB

A

YES

52
Q

function of carbidopa

A

blocks the conversion of L dopa to DA but does NOT cross BBB thus blocks conversion of L dopa to DA outside of the brain

53
Q

Dopamine receptor agonists

A

bromocriptine

54
Q

blocks degradation of dopamine (COMT I)

A

tolcapone, entacopone

55
Q

blcoks degradation of dopamine (MAOI)

A

deprenyl and selegiline

56
Q

___is a drug used to treat hypertension that inhibits dopamine stroage

A

reserptine

57
Q

D2 receptor antagonists that treat are used as antipsychotics but cause parksinon like symptoms

A

chlorpromazine, loxapine and halperidol

58
Q

what is a side effect of L-Dopa

A

hallucinations

59
Q

action of amphetamines on DA

A

increase release

60
Q

action of cocaine and tricyclic antidepressants on DA

A

blocks the reuptake of DA

61
Q

D3 + D5 project to

A

hypothalamus

62
Q

D1-D2 project to

A

corpus striatum

63
Q

_______and ______are important for basal ganglia function

A

dopamine and acetylcholine

64
Q

two environmental toxins thought to cause Parkinson’s disease

A

paraquat and manganese

65
Q

what are the positive symptoms of schizoprenia

A

hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior

66
Q

what are the negative symptoms of schizoprenia

A

social withdrawal, emotional blunting

67
Q

enlarged ventricles is indicative of

A

schizophrenics

68
Q

what neurotransmitters have been indicated in neurotransmitters

A

AcH, DA, serotonin, GABA and Glu

69
Q

excess activiation of D2 receptors indicates

A

schizpprhenia

70
Q

schizoprehnia occurs via the

A

mesolimbic pathway which projects to the cinglate cortex, nucleus accumbens, amygala, hipocampus, and parahippocampal gyrys, and meidal orbital frontal cortex

71
Q

serotoninc cell bodies are located

A

midbrain and pons: raphe nuclei

72
Q

main target of serotonin

A

entire CNS

73
Q

function of serotonin

A

mood elevation

74
Q

function of melatonin

A

regulates endocrine rhythms

75
Q

both melatonin and serotonin are derived from

A

tryptophan

76
Q

what are the structural abnormlaities in the medial temporal lobe in schizophrenics

A

altered orientation of the hippocampal pyramidal cells which affects the molecules involved in cell migration and adhesion during brain development, and enlarged ventricles

77
Q

typical antipsychotics

A

target D2 receptors but are not specific and can cause parkinsonion symptoms

78
Q

atypical antipsychotics do wha t

A

inhibit 5Ht2 receptors (much better tolerated)

79
Q

5Ht1a agonist

A

novel anxiolytics

80
Q

Ht1 bdf agonists

A

migraine headaches

81
Q

5 HT2 ac agonists

A

hallucinations

82
Q

5 Ht2 ac antagonists

A

antipsychotics

83
Q

5Ht2b agonists

A

cardiotoxic

84
Q

5Ht3 antagonists

A

antinasua

85
Q

ssri’s

A

antidepressants, anxiolytics and anorexics

86
Q

MAOaI

A

antideperessens, elevates NE

87
Q

where is the MT1 receptor

A

pars tuberalis of pituitary gland, and suprachiasmatic nuclei of hypothalamus

88
Q

where is the MT2 receptor

A

mainly in retina

89
Q

where is Noreepinephrine found

A

pons: locus cereleus and lateral tegmental area

90
Q

function of NE

A

alertness and mood elevation

91
Q

Dopamine can form

A

NE and Epi

92
Q

function of tyrosine hydroxylase

A

converts tyrosine to L dopa

93
Q

function of DOPA decarboxylase

A

converts L dopa to dopamine, requires vitamin B6, drug a methyldopa inhibits this enzyme

94
Q

function of dopmain beta hydroxylase

A

converts dopamine to NE (requires vitamin C)

95
Q

PNMT function

A

converts NE to epi (induced by glucocorticoids as part of Epi stress response and requires SAM as a cofactor

96
Q

Dopamine is broken down into

A

DOPAC, 3MT and HVA

97
Q

what is function of MAP on DA

A

converts it to DOPAC

98
Q

function of COMT on DA

A

converts to 3MT

99
Q

MAO converts 3MT t

A

HVA

100
Q

COMT converts DOPAC to

A

HVA

101
Q

Epi is broken down by COMT to create ________ and further broke down by MAO to create _______. Also is broken down by MAO to create ____ which is further broken down to _______by COMT

A

MET, VMA

MA, VMA

102
Q

NE is broken down by MAO to form ______ and broken down by COMT to form

A

NM

103
Q

NM can be broken down by MAO to form

A

VMA

104
Q

where is histamine found

A

hypothalamus: tuberomamillary nucleus; midbrain, reticular formation

105
Q

function of histamine

A

alertness

106
Q

histamine is synthesized from

A

histidine (histidine decarboxylase)

107
Q

where are H2 receptors found ?

A

stomach

108
Q

H3 are

A

primarily autoreceptors and may act presynpatic inhibitory receptors

109
Q

H4 recceptors are primarily found where

A

bone marrow and white blood cells

Neuroanatomy (9 decks)

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