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Pearls > Biochem Primary Biochem Pathways > Flashcards

Biochem Primary Biochem Pathways Flashcards

0
Q

Substrate level or oxidative phosphorylation

ETC

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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1
Q

Substrate level or oxidative phosphorylation

Anaerobic glycolysis

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

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2
Q

Substrate level or oxidative phosphorylation

NADH and FADH2 from TCA

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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3
Q

GTP from TCA

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

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4
Q

Requires oxygen

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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5
Q

Substrate level or oxidative phosphorylation

Only method of ATP production for RBCs

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

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6
Q

Identify the complex of ETC involved

Entry point of NADH

A

Complex I

3 ATP/NADH

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7
Q

Identify the complex of ETC involved

Entry point of FADH2

A

Complex II

2 ATP/FADH

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8
Q

Identify the complex of ETC involved

Generation of proton gradient

A

Complex I, III and IV

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9
Q

Identify the complex of ETC involved

ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation

A

Complex V /ATP Synthase

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20
Q

How does the following compound inhibit ATP production?

Aspirin

A

Synthetic Uncoupler

Other examples: Thermogenin, 2-4 Dinitrophenol (synthetic)

  • Increases permeability of inner membrane to protons, allowing protons to skip complex V
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21
Q

How does the following compound inhibit ATP production?

Amytal

A

Inhibit Complex I

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22
Q

How does the following compound inhibit ATP production?

Oligomycin

A

Direct inhibition of ATP synthase

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23
Q

How does the following compound inhibit ATP production?

Carbon monoxide

A

Complex 4 or cytochrome C inhibitor

Others: cyanide

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24
Q

How does the following compound inhibit ATP production?

Dimercaprol

A

Complex III inhibitor

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25
Q

Classify the following carbohydrate

Maltose

A

Disaccharide

Glucose+Glucose

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26
Q

Classify the following carbohydrate

Mannose

A

Monosaccharide

Mannose is reduced to Mannitol

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27
Q

Classify the following carbohydrate

Cellulose

A

Polysaccharide

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28
Q

Classify the following carbohydrate

Lactose

A

Disaccharide

Galactose+Glucose

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29
Q

Classify the following carbohydrate

Sorbitol

A

Monosaccharide

Glucose is reduced to Sorbitol

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30
Q

Classify the following carbohydrate

Glycogen

A

Polysaccharide

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31
Q

Identity type of relationship

Alpha D fructose and Beta D fructose

A

Anomers

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32
Q

Identity type of relationship

Galactose and Mannose

A

Isomers

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33
Q

Identity type of relationship

Glucose and Mannose

A

Epimers

  • other: Glucose & Galactose
  • differ by 1 carbon
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34
Q

Identity type of relationship

D Galactose and L Galactose

A

Enantiomers

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35
Q

More common form of carbohydrate: D or L?

A

Carbohydrate/Sugar: more D form

Amino acid: more L form

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36
Q

Identify the GLUT

Requires insulin

A

GLUT 4

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37
Q

Identify the GLUT

Brain and RBC

A

GLUT 1

Brain: GLUT 13

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38
Q

Identify the GLUT

Liver and pancreas

A

GLUT 2

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39
Q

Identify the GLUT

Absorption of fructose in small intestine by facilitated diffusion

A

GLUT 5

L-U-M-E-N

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40
Q

Identify the GLUT

Adipose tissue, skeletal and cardiac muscle

A

GLUT 5

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41
Q

Identify the GLUT

Brain, kidney, placenta

A

GLUT 3

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42
Q

Coversion of glucose to 2 molecules of either pyruvate or lactate

A

Glycolysis

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43
Q

Production of glucose from precursors such as lactate, glycerol, glucogenic amino acids, intermediates of glycolysis and TCA cycle

A

Gluconeogenesis

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44
Q

Synthesis of storage form of carbohydrates from UDP glucose

A

Glycogenesis

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45
Q

Retrieval of glucose from its storage form

A

Glycogenolysis

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46
Q

Produces NADPH, ribose and provides a mechanism for metabolic use of 5C sugars

A

HMP/PPP

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47
Q

Final common pathway for the aerobic oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

A

TCA or Krebs cycle

  • both anabolic and catabolic
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48
Q

Reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 each donate a pair of electrons to a specialized set of electron carriers

A

ETC

In the inner mitochondria

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49
Q

Anabolic / Catabolic

Glycogenesis

A

Anabolic

UDP glucose -> glycogen

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50
Q

Anabolic / Catabolic

Krebs cycle

A

Amphibolic / Both anabolic and catabolic

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51
Q

Anabolic / Catabolic

Beta oxidation

A

Catabolic

Palmitate -> acetyl CoA

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52
Q

Anabolic / Catabolic

Embden Meyerhof pathway

A

Catabolic

Embden Meyerhof Pathway = Glycolysis

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53
Q

Anabolic / Catabolic

Conversion of pyruvate to alanine

A

Anabolic

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54
Q

Rate limiting enzyme

Glycolysis

A

PFK1

  • 3 most important enzymes: Hexokinase, PFK1, Pyruvate Kinase
55
Q

Rate limiting enzyme

Gluconeogenesis

A

Fructose 1, 6 Bisphosphatase

56
Q

Rate limiting enzyme

Gycogenesis

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

targets Alpha ( 1->4 )

57
Q

Rate limiting enzyme

Hexose Monophosphate Shunt

A

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase

58
Q

Rate limiting enzyme

TCA cycle

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

59
Q

Rate limiting enzyme

Lipogenesis

A

Acetyl CoA Carboxylase

  • needs Biotin
60
Q

Rate limiting enzyme

Lipolysis

A

Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase I

( carnitine acyl transferase 1)

Beta oxidation

61
Q

Rate limiting enzyme

Ketogenesis

A

HMG CoA Synthase

62
Q

Rate limiting enzyme

Cholesterol synthesis

A

HMG CoA Reductase

63
Q

Rate limiting enzyme

Ketogenesis

A

HMG CoA Synthase

64
Q

Rate limiting enzyme

Cholesterol synthesis

A

HMG CoA Reductase

65
Q

Rate limiting enzyme

Bile Acid Synthesis

A

Cholesterol 7 alpha Hydroxylase

66
Q

Rate limiting enzyme

Steroid hormone synthesis

A

Desmolase

Cholesterol -> Pregnenolone

67
Q

Rate limiting enzyme

Urea cycle

A

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I

  • urea cycle uses Glutamate
  • note PYRIMIDINE synthesis: Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II
68
Q

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I

Heme synthesis

A

ALA synthase

  • heme synthesis requires GLYCINE + SUCCINYL CoA
69
Q

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I

De Novo Purine Synthesis

A

Glutamine PRPP

  • 2 rings
70
Q

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I

De Novo Pyrimidine Synthesis

A

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II

  • ring first then sugar is added
  • 1 ring
71
Q

Organ where pathway occurs

Glycolysis

A

All cells

72
Q

Organ where pathway occurs

Glycogen synthesis

A

Liver and muscle

73
Q

Organ where pathway occurs

Gluconeogenesis

A

Liver and kidney

74
Q

Organ where pathway occurs

Ketogenesis

A

Liver

  • SUPPLIER only
  • Does not consume it.
75
Q

Organ where pathway occurs

Urea cycle

A

Liver

-problem in urea cycle results in DEC BUN, INC ammonia in blood

76
Q

Organ where pathway occurs

ETC

A

All cells with mitochondria and sufficient oxygen

77
Q

Organ where pathway occurs

Hexose Monophosphate Shunt / Pentose Phosphate Pathway

A

Liver, Adipose tissues etc

  • produces NADPH and ribose 5p
78
Q

Identify subcellular location of pathway

Glycolysis

A

Cytoplasm

79
Q

Identify subcellular location of pathway

TCA cycle

A

Mitochondria

80
Q

Identify subcellular location of pathway

ETC

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

81
Q

Identify subcellular location of pathway

Gluconeogenesis

A

Cytoplasm + Mitochondria

  • note 3 pathways both sites “HUG”
    Heme synthesis and Urea synthesis too.
82
Q

Identify subcellular location of pathway

Hexose Monophosphate Shunt

A

Cytoplasm

83
Q

Identify subcellular location of pathway

Fatty acid synthesis

A

Cytoplasm

84
Q

Identify subcellular location of pathway

Beta oxidation

A

Mitochondria

85
Q

Identify subcellular location of pathway

Degradation of glycogen by acid maltase

A

Lysosomes

  • defect : Pompe’s disease
86
Q

Identify subcellular location of pathway

Oxidation of very long fatty acids

A

Peroxisome

  • No peroxisome: Zelweger syndrome
87
Q

Identify subcellular location of pathway

Heme synthesis

A

Cytoplasm + Mitochondria

88
Q

Identify the shuttle

Transport of cystolic NADH to the inner mitochondrial membrane, present in BRAIN and Muscle

A

Glycerol phosphate Shunt

  • 1 NADH : 2 ATP
89
Q

Identify the shuttle

Tansport of cystolic NADH to the inner mitochondrial membrane, present in Liver, Kidney and Heart

A

Malate Aspartate Shuttle

1 NADH : 3 ATP

90
Q

Identify the shuttle

Transports mitochondrial acetyl CoA into the cytoplasm to produce a 16 carbon fatty acid

A

Citrate shuttle

  • lipogenesis
91
Q

Identify the shuttle

Transports cystolic Palmitoyl CoA into the mitochondria for beta oxidation

A

Carnitine shuttle

92
Q

How many ATPs?

Anaerobic glycolysis

A

2

4 ATP - 2 ATP used up = 2 ATP

93
Q

How many ATPs?

Aerobic glycolysis.

A

6 or 8

Substrate level phosphorylation 4 ATP
ATP fr 2 NADH depend in shuttle 4 glycerol or 6 malate
LESS: ( 2 ATP used up)
—————————–
Net ATP 6 or 8 ATPs

94
Q

ATP produced from each molecule of FADH2 in TCA

A

2 ATP

  • complex II
95
Q

ATP produced from each molecule of NADH in TCA

A

3 ATP

Complex I

96
Q

ATP produced from complete oxidation of glucose

A

36 or 38 ATP

97
Q

ATP produced from complete oxidation of palmitate

A

129 ATP

= 131-2

98
Q

Glucokinase vs Hexokinase

Present in the liver parenchymal cells and Islet cells of the pancreas

A

Glucokinase

99
Q

Glucokinase vs Hexokinase

Phosphorylates glucose and other hexoses ( fructose, galactose)

A

Glucokinase and Hexokinase

100
Q

Glucokinase vs Hexokinase

Low Km

A

Hexokinase

101
Q

Glucokinase vs Hexokinase

High Vmax

A

Glucokinase

102
Q

Enzyme for

Pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Requires: True Love Never Fails to Conquer 
Thiamine
FAD - riboflavin 
NAD - niacin
Coenzyme A - Vit B5 
Lipoid acid ( inhibited by Arsenic)
103
Q

Enzyme for

Pyruvate -> lactate

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

104
Q

Enzyme for

Pyruvate -> Oxaloacetate

A

Pyruvate Carboxylase

  • gluconeogenesis
105
Q

Enzyme for

Pyruvate -> Ethanol

A

Yeast : pyruvate carboxylase

106
Q

Enzyme for

Pyruvate -> alanine

A

Alanine aminotransferase

107
Q

Required: NADH or NAD+ or FAD or NADPH

Pyruvate to Lactate

A

NADH

108
Q

Required: NADH or NAD+ or FAD or NADPH

Isocitrate to Alpha ketoglutarate

A

NAD+

109
Q

Required: NADH or NAD+ or FAD or NADPH

Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA

A

NAD, FAD

110
Q

Required: NADH or NAD+ or FAD or NADPH

Succinate to Fumarate

A

FAD

111
Q

Required: NADH or NAD+ or FAD or NADPH

Acetyl CoA to Palmitate

A

NADPH

  • for fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis
112
Q

What is produced: NADH or FADH or GTP or CO2

Succinate thiokinase

A

GTP

TCA: succinyl CoA -> succinate

113
Q

What is produced: NADH or FADH or GTP or CO2

Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

A

NADH
CO2

TCA: alpha ketoglutarate -> succinyl CoA

Requires: True Love Never Fails to Conquer 
Thiamine
FAD - riboflavin 
NAD - niacin
Coenzyme A - Vit B5 
Lipoid acid ( inhibited by Arsenic)
114
Q

What is produced: NADH or FADH or GTP or CO2

Malate dehydrogenase

A

NADH

TCA: Malate -> Oxaloacetate

115
Q

What is produced: NADH or FADH or GTP or CO2

Aconitase

A

None

TCA: Citrate -> Isocitrate

116
Q

What is produced: NADH or FADH or GTP or CO2

Succinate dehydrogenase

A

FADH2

TCA: Succinate -> Fumarate

117
Q

Enzyme used in glycogen metabolism:

Creates alpha (1->4) linkages and elongates the glycogen chains

A

Glycogen synthase

118
Q

Enzyme used in glycogen metabolism:

Transfer 5 to 8 glucosyl residues and creates alpha (1-6) linkages

A

Branching enzyme

119
Q

Cleaves alpha ( 1-4 ) bonds to produce glucose 1P

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

Deficiency in skeletal muscle: McArdle’s disease

Note glycogenolysis muscle:product is GLUCOSE 1 PHOSPHATE
Glycogenolysis liver: glucose 6 phosphate-> glucose + phosphate

120
Q

Enzyme used in glycogen metabolism:

Cleaves alpha (1->4) and alpha (1-6) bonds to produce free glucose

A

De branching enzyme

Deficient in Pompe's Ds
Cleaves alpha (1->4) : lysosomal alpha (1->4) glucosidase 
Deficient in Cori's ds 
Cleaves alpha (1->6) : alpha (1->6) glucosidase

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