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Pearls > Biochem Lipid Metabolism > Flashcards

Biochem Lipid Metabolism Flashcards

0
Q

Long chain of carboxylic acid with ONE double bond

A

MONOunsaturated fatty acid

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1
Q

Long chain of carboxylic acid with no double bond

A

Saturated fatty acid

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2
Q

Long chain of carboxylic acid with TWO or MORE double bonds

A

POLYunsaturated Fatty Acid

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3
Q

Fatty acids associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis

A

Trans-fatty acids

Saturated fatty acids

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4
Q

Essential fatty acids

A

Linoleic acid - omega 6
Linolenic acid - omega 3

Linoleic acid - 2 double bonds/arachidonic acid/omega 6
Linolenic acid - 3 double bonds/18 carbons

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5
Q

Immediate precursor of prostaglandins

A

Arachidonic acid

  • from Linoleic acid/Omega 6
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6
Q

End product of fatty acid synthesis

A

Palmitate

  • 16 carbons without double bond
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7
Q

3 carbon compound that is a product of the oxidation of ODD numbered fatty acid

A

Propionyl CoA

  • can be a precursor for Gluconeogenesis via succinyl CoA conversion
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8
Q

Enumerate the 3 ketone bodies

A

Acetoacetate
Beta butyrate
Acetone

kHetone bodieS: HMG CoA Synthase

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9
Q

Enumerate 3 organs that can use KETONES as a fuel source

A

Muscle
Renal cortex
Brain ( prolonged fasting > 2 weeks)

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10
Q

Give 2 primary bile acids

A

Cholic acid

Chenodeoxycholic acid

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11
Q

Give 2 molecules conjugated to bile acids to convert them into bile salts

A

Taurine
Glycine

Primary bile acids + taurine/glycine = bile salts

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12
Q

Give 2 secondary bile acids

A

Deoxycholic acid

Lithocholic acid

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13
Q

Clinical manifestation of lipid malabsorption

A

Steatorrhea

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14
Q

Fatty acid synthesis

What is it for?
Where does it occur?
What are the substrates?
What are the products?
Which step is rate limiting?
A

What is it for? Formation of palmitate (16:0)

Where does it occur?
Cytosol (liver, lactating mammary glands > adipose tissue)

What are the substrates?
1 acetyl CoA, 7 malonyl CoA (building block), NADPH and ATP

What are the products? Palmitate only

Which step is rate limiting? Acetyl CoA Carboxylase in
Acetyl CoA + ATP -> malonyl CoA

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15
Q

Synthesis of Triglycerides

A

Glycerol 3P + 3 fatty acyl CoA = triglyceride

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16
Q

Enzyme for lipolysis

aka hydrolyzes TAGs to yield free fatty acids and glycerol

A

Hormone sensitive lipase

Free fatty acid : bound to albumin in blood for Beta Oxidation
Glycerol : carbons backbone for Gluconeogenesis

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17
Q

Beta Oxidation of Fatty Acids

What is it for?
Where does it occur?
What are the substrates?
What are the products?
Which step is rate limiting?
A

What is it for?
Removal of acetyl CoA from ends of fatty acids
-Acetyl CoA enters TCA
- Generates NADH and FADH2 that also enter TCA

Where does it occur?
Mitochdria of all cells except neurons, RBC, testis, renal medulla.
Note that fatty acid activation occurs in cytosol.

What are the substrates?
Palmitate, NAD+, FAD, ATO

What are the products?
8 acetyl CoA, 7 NADH, 7 FADH2

Which step is rate limiting? Carnitine acetyl transferase
Fatty acyl CoA + carnitine –> fatty acyl carnitine + CoA

18
Q

Ketogenesis

What is it for?
Where does it occur?
What are the substrates?
What are the products?
Which step is rate limiting?
A

What is it for? Convert acetyl CoA to ketone bodies

Where does it occur? Liver mitochondria

What are the substrates? Acetyl CoA

What are the products? Ketone bodies

  • acetoacetate and beta hydroxybutyrate ( can be used as fuel)
  • acetone ( not used as fuel)k

Which step is rate limiting? HMG CoA Synthase “kHetoneS”
Acetoacetyl CoA + acetyl CoA –> HMG CoA

19
Q

Cholesterol synthesis

What is it for?
Where does it occur?
What are the substrates?
What are the products?
Which step is rate limiting?
A

What is it for? De novo synthesis of cholesterol

Where does it occur?
All cells : cytosol and SER ( mostly liver and intestines)

What are the substrates? Acetyl CoA, NADPH, ATP

What are the products? Lanosterol –> Cholesterol

Which step is rate limiting? HMG CoA Reductase

20
Q

Steroid Hormone Synthesis

What is it for?
Where does it occur?
What are the substrates?
What are the products?
Which step is rate limiting?
A

What is it for? Steroid synthesis for GFR hormones

Where does it occur?
SER: adrenal cortex, ovaries, testes, placenta

What are the substrates? Cholesterol and Pregnenolone

Which step is rate limiting? Desmolase
Reaction: cholesterol –> Pregnenolone
Blocker: aminogluthetimide

21
Q

Spherical macromolecular complexes composed of a neutral lipid core surrounded by a shell of amphipathic lipoproteins, phospholipid and nonesterified cholesterol

A

Lipoproteins

22
Q

Protein moiety of lipoproteins

A

Apoprotein

23
Q

Name that lipoprotein

Transport dietary triglyceride and cholesterol from intestine to tissues

A

Chylomicrons

24
Q

Name that lipoprotein

Transports triglyceride from liver to tissues

A

VLDL

25
Q

Name that lipoprotein

Dlivers cholesterol into cells

A

LDL

26
Q

Name that lipoprotein

Reverse cholesterol transport

A

HDL

27
Q

Name that lipoprotein

Shuttles apo C-II and apo E in the blood

A

HDL

28
Q

Name that lipoprotein

Highest triglyceride content

A

Chylomicron

29
Q

Name that lipoprotein

Highest protein content

A

HDL

30
Q

Name that lipoprotein

Highest cholesterol content

A

LDL

31
Q

Name that apoprotein

Mediates chylomicrons secretion

A

APO B48

32
Q

Name that apoprotein

Activates lipoprotein lipase

A

APO C II

33
Q

Name that apoprotein

Mediates uptake of chylomicrons remnant

A

Apo E (empty)

34
Q

Name that apoprotein

Binds to LDL receptor and mediates VLDL secretion

A

Apo B-100

35
Q

Name that apoprotein

Activates LCAT to produce cholesteryl esters in HDL

A

Apo A1

36
Q

Name that Lipase

Degradation of TAG stored in adipocytes

A

Hormone sensitive lipase

  • inhibited by insulin
  • activated by glucagon
37
Q

Name that Lipase

Degradation of dietary TAG in small intestine

A

Pancreatic lipase

38
Q

Name that Lipase

Degradation of TAG circulating in chylomicrons and VLDL

A

Lipoprotein lipase

  • activates Apo C
39
Q

Name that Lipase

Degradation of TAG remaining in IDL

A

Hepatic lipase

40
Q

Name that phospholipid

Major component of lung surfactant

A

Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine

41
Q

Name that phospholipid

Only glycerophospholipid that is antigenic

A

Cardiolipin

  • cross reacts with syphilis
42
Q

Name that phospholipid

Reservoir for arachidonic acid in the membranes

and

Precursor for IP3 and DAG

A

Phosphatidylinositol

43
Q

Name that phospholipid

Important constituent of myelin

A

Sphingomyelin

Pearls (9 decks)

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