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BioChem Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

a heterogeneous class of naturally occurring organic compounds classified together on the basis of common solubility properties

A

Lipids

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2
Q

an ester of glycerol with three fatty acids.

A

Triglyceride

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3
Q

Triglycerides rich in unsaturated fatty acids are generally liquid at room temperature and are called?

A

oils

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4
Q

Triglycerides rich in saturated fatty acids are generally semisolids or solids at room temperature and are called?

A

fats

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5
Q

reduction of some or all of the carbon-carbon double bonds of an unsaturated triglyceride using H2/transition metal catalyst

A

Hardening

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6
Q

contain an alcohol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate ester

A

Phospholipids

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7
Q

In glycerophospholipids, the alcohol is ?

A

glycerol

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8
Q

In glycerophospholipids, the _____ is glycerol

A

alcohol

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9
Q

In sphingolipids, the alcohol is?

A

sphingosine

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10
Q

Complex lipids that contain a carbohydrate

A

Glycolipids

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11
Q

are the second most abundant group of naturally occurring lipids

A

Glycerophospholipids

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12
Q

They are also called phosphoglycerides

A

Glycerophospholipids

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13
Q

Found in the coatings of nerve axons (myelin)

A

Sphingolipids

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14
Q

Contain the long-chain aminoalcohol, sphingosine, from which this class of compounds in named

A

Sphingolipids

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15
Q

a complex lipid that contains a carbohydrate

A

Glycolipid

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16
Q

a group of plant and animal lipids that have this tetracyclic ring structure

A

Steroids

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17
Q

is the most abundant steroid in the human body, and also the most important

A

Cholesterol

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18
Q

It is a component in plasma membranes in all animal cells

A

Cholesterol

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19
Q

It is the precursor of all steroid hormones and bile acids

A

Cholesterol

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20
Q

Cholesterol, along with fats, are transported by ?

A

lipoproteins

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21
Q

Transport of cholesterol from the liver starts with ?

A

VLDL

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22
Q

male sex hormones

A

Androgens

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23
Q

responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics

A

Androgens

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24
Q

synthesized in the testes

A

Androgens

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24
Q

female sex hormones

A

Estrogens

25
Q

synthesized in the ovaries from progesterone

A

Estrogens

26
Q

responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics and control of the menstrual cycle

A

Estrogens

27
Q

synthesized in the adrenal cortex.; regulate metabolism of carbohydrates

A

Glucorticoid hormones

28
Q

the oxidation products of cholesterol

A

Bile Salts

29
Q

synthesized in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and secreted into the intestine

A

Bile Salts

30
Q

a family of compounds that have the 20-carbon skeleton of prostanoic acid

A

Prostaglandins

31
Q

catalyzes the normal physiological production of prostaglandins

A

COX-1

32
Q

is responsible for the production of prostaglandins in inflammation

A

COX-2

33
Q

are also derived from arachidonic acid

A

Thromboxanes

34
Q

induces platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction

A

Thromboxane A2

35
Q

are also synthesized from arachidonic acid

A

Leukotrienes

36
Q

they are 100 times more potent than histamine

A

Leukotrienes

37
Q

They occur mainly in leukocytes

A

Leukotrienes

38
Q

Most of the cholesterol is carried by ?

A

LDL

39
Q

Normal plasma levels are ?

A

175 mg/100 mL

40
Q

in this disease, there are not enough LDL receptors and plasma levels of cholesterol may be as high as 680 mg/100 mL

A

hypercholesterolemia

41
Q

These high levels of cholesterol can cause ?

A

premature atherosclerosis and heart attacks

42
Q

insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents

A

Lipid

43
Q

form the membranes around cells and small structures within cells

A

Complex lipids

44
Q

In aqueous solution, complex lipids spontaneously form into a ?

A

lipid bilayer

45
Q

these are in contact with the aqueous environment in the lipid bilayer

A

Polar (hydrophilic) head groups

46
Q

these are buried within the bilayer and shielded from the aqueous environment.

A

Nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails

47
Q

The major force driving the formation of lipid bilayers

A

hydrophobic interaction

48
Q

Glycerophospholipids are found almost exclusively in plant and animal membranes, which typically consist of ________ phosphoacylglycerols and ________ proteins

A

40% -50% phosphoacylglycerols
50% - 60% proteins

49
Q

a molecule in which glycerol is esterified with two molecules of fatty acid and one of phosphoric acid

A

phosphatidic acid

50
Q

three most abundant fatty acids in phosphatidic acids

P S O

A

Palmatic, Stearic, and Oleic

51
Q

The fatty acid on carbon 2 of glycerol is always ?

A

unsaturated

52
Q

number of LDL receptors is controlled by a ?

A

feedback mechanism

53
Q

When the concentration of cholesterol inside cells is high, the synthesis of LDL receptors is ?

A

suppressed

54
Q

high LDL means ?

A

high cholesterol content in the plasma

55
Q

high LDL together with low HDL is a symptom of ?

A

faulty cholesterol transport

56
Q

controls cholesterol synthesis in the liver

A

serum cholesterol level

56
Q

regulate metabolism of carbohydrates

A

Glucorticoid hormones

57
Q

when serum cholesterol is high, its synthesis in the liver is ?

A

low

58
Q

decrease inflammation

A

Glucorticoid hormones

59
Q

involved in the reaction to stress

A

Glucorticoid hormones

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