BioChem Lipids

Question 1

a heterogeneous class of naturally occurring organic compounds classified together on the basis of common solubility properties

Answer 1

Lipids

Question 2

an ester of glycerol with three fatty acids.

Answer 2

Triglyceride

Question 3

Triglycerides rich in unsaturated fatty acids are generally liquid at room temperature and are called?

Answer 3

oils

Question 4

Triglycerides rich in saturated fatty acids are generally semisolids or solids at room temperature and are called?

Answer 4

fats

Question 5

reduction of some or all of the carbon-carbon double bonds of an unsaturated triglyceride using H2/transition metal catalyst

Answer 5

Hardening

Question 6

contain an alcohol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate ester

Answer 6

Phospholipids

Question 7

In glycerophospholipids, the alcohol is ?

Answer 7

glycerol

Question 8

In glycerophospholipids, the _____ is glycerol

Answer 8

alcohol

Question 9

In sphingolipids, the alcohol is?

Answer 9

sphingosine

Question 10

Complex lipids that contain a carbohydrate

Answer 10

Glycolipids

Question 11

are the second most abundant group of naturally occurring lipids

Answer 11

Glycerophospholipids

Question 12

They are also called phosphoglycerides

Answer 12

Glycerophospholipids

Question 13

Found in the coatings of nerve axons (myelin)

Answer 13

Sphingolipids

Question 14

Contain the long-chain aminoalcohol, sphingosine, from which this class of compounds in named

Answer 14

Sphingolipids

Question 15

a complex lipid that contains a carbohydrate

Answer 15

Glycolipid

Question 16

a group of plant and animal lipids that have this tetracyclic ring structure

Answer 16

Steroids

Question 17

is the most abundant steroid in the human body, and also the most important

Answer 17

Cholesterol

Question 18

It is a component in plasma membranes in all animal cells

Answer 18

Cholesterol

Question 19

It is the precursor of all steroid hormones and bile acids

Answer 19

Cholesterol

Question 20

Cholesterol, along with fats, are transported by ?

Answer 20

lipoproteins

Question 21

Transport of cholesterol from the liver starts with ?

Answer 21

VLDL

Question 22

male sex hormones

Answer 22

Androgens

Question 23

responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics

Answer 23

Androgens

Question 24

synthesized in the testes

Answer 24

Androgens

Question 24

female sex hormones

Answer 24

Estrogens

Question 25

**synthesized** in the **ovaries** from progesterone

Answer 25

Estrogens

Question 26

**responsible** for the development of **female secondary sex characteristics** and control of the menstrual cycle

Answer 26

Estrogens

Question 27

**synthesized** in the **adrenal cortex**.; regulate metabolism of carbohydrates

Answer 27

Glucorticoid hormones

Question 28

the **oxidation products** of **cholesterol**

Answer 28

Bile Salts

Question 29

**synthesized in the liver**, stored in the gallbladder, and secreted into the intestine

Answer 29

Bile Salts

Question 30

a family of compounds that have the **20-carbon skeleton** of **prostanoic acid**

Answer 30

Prostaglandins

Question 31

**catalyzes** the normal physiological production of **prostaglandins**

Answer 31

COX-1

Question 32

is **responsible** for the **production** of **prostaglandins** in inflammation

Answer 32

COX-2

Question 33

are also **derived from** ***arachidonic acid***

Answer 33

Thromboxanes

Question 34

**induces platelet aggregation** and vasoconstriction

Answer 34

Thromboxane A2

Question 35

are **also synthesized** from **arachidonic acid**

Answer 35

Leukotrienes

Question 36

they are 100 times more potent than histamine

Answer 36

Leukotrienes

Question 37

They **occur mainly** in **leukocytes**

Answer 37

Leukotrienes

Question 38

Most of the **cholesterol** is **carried** by ?

Answer 38

LDL

Question 39

Normal plasma levels are ?

Answer 39

175 mg/100 mL

Question 40

in this **disease**, there are **not enough LDL receptors** and plasma levels of cholesterol may be as **high as 680 mg/100 mL**

Answer 40

hypercholesterolemia

Question 41

These high levels of cholesterol can cause ?

Answer 41

premature atherosclerosis and heart attacks

Question 42

**insoluble** in **water**, but **soluble** in **organic solvents**

Answer 42

Lipid

Question 43

**form** the **membranes** around cells and **small structures** within cells

Answer 43

Complex lipids

Question 44

In **aqueous solution**, complex lipids spontaneously form into a ?

Answer 44

lipid bilayer

Question 45

these are in **contact** with the aqueous environment in the lipid bilayer

Answer 45

Polar (hydrophilic) head groups

Question 46

these are buried within the bilayer and **shielded from the aqueous environment**.

Answer 46

Nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails

Question 47

The **major force** driving the **formation** of lipid bilayers

Answer 47

hydrophobic interaction

Question 48

Glycerophospholipids are found almost exclusively in plant and animal membranes, which typically consist of ________ phosphoacylglycerols and ________ proteins

Answer 48

40% -50% phosphoacylglycerols 50% - 60% proteins

Question 49

a molecule in which **glycerol** is **esterified** with **two molecules of fatty acid** and **one of phosphoric acid**

Answer 49

phosphatidic acid

Question 50

three most abundant fatty acids in phosphatidic acids ## Footnote P S O

Answer 50

Palmatic, Stearic, and Oleic

Question 51

The **fatty acid** on **carbon 2 of glycerol** is always ?

Answer 51

unsaturated

Question 52

**number** of **LDL receptors** is **controlled** by a ?

Answer 52

feedback mechanism

Question 53

When the **concentration** of **cholesterol** inside cells is high, the **synthesis** of **LDL receptors** is ?

Answer 53

suppressed

Question 54

high LDL means ?

Answer 54

high cholesterol content in the plasma

Question 55

**high LDL** ***together*** with **low HDL** is a symptom of ?

Answer 55

faulty cholesterol transport

Question 56

**controls cholesterol synthesis** in the ***liver***

Answer 56

serum cholesterol level

Question 56

**regulate metabolism** of ***carbohydrates***

Answer 56

Glucorticoid hormones

Question 57

when **serum cholesterol** is ***high***, its **synthesis** in the **liver** is ?

Answer 57

low

Question 58

decrease inflammation

Answer 58

Glucorticoid hormones

Question 59

involved in the reaction to stress

Answer 59

Glucorticoid hormones