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PHARMACY 2 > BIOCHEM LEC_ AMINO ACIDS > Flashcards

BIOCHEM LEC_ AMINO ACIDS Flashcards

1
Q

found at the catalytic (active) site in proteins and enzymes due
to its amine-containing side chain

A

1.Arginine (Arg)

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2
Q

important role in cell division, the healing of wounds, stimulation
of protein synthesis, immune function, and the release of
hormones.

A

ARGININE

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3
Q

required for the generation of urea - necessary for the removal
of toxic ammonia

A

ARGININE

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4
Q

required for the synthesis of creatine → degrades to creatinine
(waste product cleared from the body by the kidney)

A

ARGININE

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5
Q

basic (alkaline by pH) amino acids due to its imidazole side chain

A

HISTIDINE

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6
Q

direct precursor of histamine - involved in immune response

A

HISTIDINE

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7
Q

important source of carbon atoms in the synthesis of purines (a
nitrogen base that make up DNA and RNA)

A

HISTIDINE

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8
Q

growth and repair body tissues and to maintain the myelin
sheaths - protect nerve cells

A

HISTIDINE

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9
Q

manufacture of red and white blood cells; helps to protect the
body from heavy metal toxicity

A

HISTIDINE

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10
Q

stimulates the secretion of the digestive enzyme gastrin

A

HISTIDINE (HIS)

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11
Q

acts as a catalytic site in certain enzymes

A

HISTIDINE (HIS)

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12
Q

branched-chain amino acids (like valine and isoleucine

A

LEUCINE (LEU)

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13
Q

second most common amino acid found in protein besides
glycine

A

LEUCINE (LEU)

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14
Q

in conjunction with valine and isoleucine, boosts the healing of
muscle, skin, and bones; aids in recovery from surgery; and
lowers blood glucose levels.

A

LEUCINE (LEU)

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15
Q

necessary for the optimal growth of infants and for nitrogen
balance in adults

A

LEUCINE (LEU)

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16
Q

has a net positive charge, which makes it one of the three basic
(by charge) amino acids

A

LYSINE (LYS)

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17
Q

plays a role in the production of antibodies and lowers
triglyceride levels

A

LYCINE (LYS)

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18
Q

growth and bone development in children

A

LYSINE (LYS)

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19
Q

maintain a proper nitrogen balance in adults

A

LYSINE (LYS)

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20
Q

helps in the absorption and conservation of calcium

A

LYSINE (LYS)

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21
Q

important role in the formation of collagen, a component of
cartilage and connective tissue

A

LYSINE (LYS)

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22
Q

helps to initiate translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) by being
the first amino acid incorporated into the N-terminal position of
all proteins.

A

METHIONINE (MET)

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23
Q

source of sulfur - for normal metabolism and growth

A

METHIONINE (MET)

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24
Q

assists the breakdown of fats, helps to detoxify lead and other
heavy metals, helps diminish muscle weakness, and prevents
brittle hair

A

METHIONINE (MET)

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25
Q

reacts with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to contribute to the
synthesis of many important substances, including epinephrine
and choline

A

METHIONINE (MET)

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26
Q

non-polar amino acid - hydrophobic nature of its benzyl side
chain

A

PHENYLALANINE (PHE)

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27
Q

promotes alertness and vitality, elevates mood, decreases pain,
aids memory and learning, and is used to treat arthritis and
depression

A

PHENYLALANINE (PHE)

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28
Q

used by the brain to produce norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter
that transmits signals between nerve cells

A

PHENYLALANINE (PHE)

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29
Q

uses an active transport channel to cross the blood– brain barrier
and, in large quantities, interferes with the production of
serotonin (a neurotransmitter)

A

PHENYLALANINE (PHE)

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30
Q

part of the composition of aspartame - common sweetener used
in prepared foods as a sugar replacement

A

PHENYLALANINE (PHE)

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31
Q

plays a key role in the biosynthesis of other amino acids

A

PHENYLALANINE (PHE)

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32
Q

alcohol-containing amino acid

A

THREONINE (THR)

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33
Q

important component in the formation of protein, collagen,
elastin (a connective tissue protein), and tooth enamel

A

THREONINE (THR)

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34
Q

important in the production of neurotransmitters and health of
the nervous system

A

THREONINE (THR)

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35
Q

helps maintain proper protein balance in the body and aids liver
function, metabolism, and assimilation

A

THREONINE (THR)

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36
Q

formed from proteins during digestion by the action of
proteolytic enzyme

A

TRYPTOPHAN (TRP)

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37
Q

precursor for serotonin and melatonin, a neurohormone and
powerful antioxidant.

A

THYPTOPHAN (TRP)

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38
Q

natural relaxant; it helps alleviate insomnia by inducing sleep,
soothes anxiety, and reduces depression

A

THRYPTOPHAN (TRP)

39
Q

used in the treatment of migraine headaches, aids in weight
control by reducing appetite, and helps control hyperactivity in
children

A

TRYPTOPHAN (TRP)

40
Q

branched-chain amino acid that is a constituent of fibrous
protein in the body

A

VALINE (VAL)

41
Q

needed for muscle metabolism and coordination, tissue repair,
and maintenance of nitrogen balance

A

VALINE (VAL)

42
Q

used by muscle tissue as an energy source

A

VALINE (VAL)

43
Q

used in treatments for muscle, mental, and emotional problems;
insomnia; anxiety; and liver and gallbladder disease

A

VALINE (VAL)

44
Q

one of the simplest of the amino acids

A

ALANINE (ALA)

45
Q

involved in the energy-producing breakdown of glucose.

A

ALANINE

46
Q

a product of the breakdown of DNA or the dipeptides, anserine
and carnosine, and the conversion of pyruvate, a pivotal
compound in carbohydrate metabolism

A

ALANINE

47
Q

plays a major role in the transfer of nitrogen from peripheral tissue
to the liver

A

ALANINE

48
Q

helps in reducing the buildup of toxic substances that are
released into muscle cells when muscle protein is broken down
quickly to meet energy needs

A

ALANINE

49
Q

strengthens the immune system through production of
antibodies

A

ALANINE

50
Q

first isolated in 1806 from asparagus juice - the first amino acid to
be isolated

A

ASPARAGINE

51
Q

the β-amide of aspartic acid synthesized from aspartic acid and
ATP

A

ASPARAGINE

52
Q

one of the principal and frequently the most abundant of the
amino acids involved in the transport of nitrogen

A

ASPARAGINE

53
Q

main function: converting one amino acid into another via:
i. amination (process by which an amine group is
introduced into an organic molecule
ii. transamination (reaction when an amino acid is
transferred to an α-ketoacid. Asparagine is

A

ASPARAGINE

54
Q

required by the nervous system and plays an important role in
the synthesis of ammonia

A

ASPARAGINE

55
Q

it is alanine with one of the β-hydrogens replaced by a
carboxylic acid group

A

ASPARTIC ACID

56
Q

plays a vital role in metabolism during construction of other
amino acids and metabolites in the citric acid cycle

A

ASPARTIC ACID

57
Q

amino acids that are synthesized from aspartic acid are:
▪ asparagine, arginine, lysine, methionine, threonine,
isoleucine, and several nucleotides

A

ASPARTIC ACID

58
Q

is also a metabolite in the urea cycle and participates in
gluconeogenesis - generation of glucose from non- sugar
carbon substrates

A

ASPARTIC ACID

59
Q

classified as a non-essential amino acid

A

CYSTEINE

60
Q

it may be essential for infants, the elderly, and individuals with
certain metabolic diseases or malabsorption syndromes

A

CYSTEINE

61
Q

important structural and functional component of many proteins
and enzymes

A

CYSTEINE

62
Q

named after cystine (its oxidized dimer)

A

CYSTEINE

63
Q

potentially toxic and is catabolized in the gastrointestinal tract
and blood

A

CYSTEINE

64
Q

absorbed during digestion as cystine, which is more stable in the
gastrointestinal tract:
o Cystine travels to cells, where it is reduced to two
cysteine molecules upon cell entry

A

CYSTEINE

65
Q

used as a constituent in the food, pharmaceutical, and personal
care industries

A

CYSTEINE

66
Q

largest applications: production of flavors

A

CYSTEINE

67
Q

▪ synthesized from a number of amino acids
▪ when an amino group is added to glutamic acid, it forms the
important amino acid glutamine
▪ one of the two amino acids that have a net negative charge (by
pH → very polar molecule
▪ serves as a neurotransmitter and its dysregulation has been
linked to epileptic seizures

A

GLUTAMIC ACID

68
Q

important in the metabolism of sugars and fats and aids
transporting potassium into the spinal fluid.
▪ present in a wide variety of foods and is responsible for one of
the five basic tastes of the human sense of taste (umami)
▪ often used as a food additive and flavor enhancer in the form of
its sodium salt, monosodium glutamate.

A

GLUTAMIC ACID

69
Q

most abundant amino acid in the body - involved in more
metabolic processes than any other amino acid
▪ Over 61% of skeletal muscle tissue is glutamine
▪ converted to glucose when more glucose is required for energy
and aids in immune function
▪ assists in maintaining the proper acid/ alkaline balance in the
body, provides fuel for a healthy digestive tract, and is the basis
of the building blocks for the synthesis of RNA and DNA.

A

GLUTAMINE

70
Q

useful in the treatment of serious illnesses, injury, trauma, burns,
and cancer treatment–related side effects and in wound
healing for postoperative patients
▪ marketed as a supplement used for muscle growth in
weightlifting and bodybuilding
▪ transports ammonia (toxic metabolic by-product of protein
breakdown) to the liver → converted into less toxic urea →
excreted by the kidneys

A

GLUTAMINE

71
Q

▪ simplest amino acid synthesized in the body
▪ the only amino acid that is not optically active - it has no
stereoisomers (any of a group of isomers [compounds with the
same molecular formula but a different structural formula in
which atoms are linked in the same order but differ in their spatial
arrangement)

A

GLYCINE

72
Q

▪ essential for the synthesis of nucleic acids, bile acids, proteins,
peptides, purines, ATP, porphyrins, hemoglobin, glutathione,
creatine, bile salts, glucose, glycogen, and other amino acids
▪ liver uses glycine to help in the detoxification of compounds and
to help in the synthesis of bile acids
▪ has a sweet taste and is used as a sweetener/taste enhancer
▪ an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS)
▪ serves as a metal complexing agent, retards muscle
degeneration, improves glycogen storage, and promotes
healing

A

GLYCINE

73
Q

precursor of hydroxyproline, which is manufactured into
collagen, tendons, ligaments, and heart muscle by the body
▪ involved in wound healing, plays important roles in molecular
recognition, and is an important component in certain medical
wound dressings that use collagen to stimulate wound healing
▪ helps in the healing of cartilage and in the strengthening of joints,
tendons, and heart muscle, and it works with vitamin C to
promote healthy connective tissues

A

PROLINE

74
Q

second amino acid that is also an alcohol because of its methyl
side chain, which contains a hydroxy group
▪ needed for the proper metabolism of fats and fatty acids
▪ important role in the body’s synthetic pathways for pyrimidines,
purines (making it important for DNA and RNA function),
creatine, and porphyrins
▪ highly concentrated in all cell membranes
▪ component of the protective myelin sheaths surrounding nerve
fibers
▪ aids in the production of immunoglobulins and antibodies for the
maintenance of a healthy immune system.

A

SERINE

75
Q

▪ metabolically synthesized from the important amino acid
phenylalanine to become the para-hydroxy derivative of
phenylalanine
▪ precursor of the adrenal hormones, epinephrine,
norepinephrine, and dopamine and the thyroid hormones,
including thyroxine
▪ important in overall metabolism, aiding in the functions of the
adrenal, thyroid, and pituitary glands
▪ stimulates metabolism and the nervous system, acts as a mood
elevator, suppresses appetite, and helps reduce body fat,
making it useful in the treatment of chronic fatigue, narcolepsy,
anxiety, depression, low sex drive,

A

TYROSINE

76
Q

▪ recognized as the 21st amino acid but, unlike other amino acids
present in proteins, it is not coded for directly in the genetic
code. Selenocysteine is encoded by a UGA codon, which is
normally a stop codon.
▪ named as an amino acid in 2002 and found to be the selenium
analogue of cysteine (selenium atom replaces sulfur
▪ present in several enzymes, such as formate dehydrogenases,
glycine reductases, and some hydrogenases
▪ It has been discovered that HIV-1 encodes a functional
selenoprotein, and patients with HIV infection have been shown
to have a lower-than-average blood plasma selenium level.

A

SELENOCYSTEINE

77
Q

▪ 22nd naturally occurring genetically encoded amino acid used
by some Archaea (prokaryotic [lacking a membrane-bound
nucleus] and single- celled microorganisms) in enzymes that are
part of their methane-producing metabolism
▪ A lysine derivative that is encoded by the UAG codon, normally
a stop codon, possibly modified by the presence of a specific down- stream sequence forcing the incorporation of pyrrolysine
instead of terminating translation

A

PYRROLYSINE

78
Q

found in connective tissue protein collagen - the extra hydrogen-
bonding opportunities offered by the presence of extra hydroxyl

group on these amino acids is a major factor in stabilising
collagen’s characteristic left-handed helical conformation.

A

Hydroxyproline and Hydroxylysine

79
Q

▪ appears in a few proteins such as glutathione peroxidase (the
enzyme that helps glutathione to detoxify harmful organic
peroxides)
▪ resemble cysteine in structure, albeit with selenium atom
replacing sulfur atom in the side chain

A

▪ appears in a few proteins such as glutathione peroxidase (the
enzyme that helps glutathione to detoxify harmful organic
peroxides)
▪ resemble cysteine in structure, albeit with selenium atom
replacing sulfur atom in the side chain

80
Q

▪ appears in a few proteins such as glutathione peroxidase (the
enzyme that helps glutathione to detoxify harmful organic
peroxides)
▪ resemble cysteine in structure, albeit with selenium atom
replacing sulfur atom in the side chain

A

SELENOCYSTEINE

81
Q

▪ (abbreviated as Orn) is similar to Lysine with an amino group at
the end of its side chain
▪ an important player in the urea cycle
▪ precursor to arginine and to certain polyamides

A

ORNITHINE

82
Q

▪ derived from carboxylation of ornithine on the side chain
▪ important in the urea cycle.

A

CITRULLINE

83
Q

▪ intermediate in the catabolism of methionine and it is closely
connected to the functioning of the methyl-donor compound,
S-adenosylmethionine

A

HOMOCYSTEINE

84
Q

▪ an important neurochemical that inhibits neuronal action by
binding to specific receptors (GABA receptors) both pre- and
post-synaptic
▪ the amino acid glycine and glutamate are also
neurotransmitters with glycine acting like GABA to inhibit
neurotransmission and glutamate acting to excite neuronal
action

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

85
Q

▪ antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen
activators which have fibrinolytic properties

A

Aminocaproic acid

86
Q

▪ ACE inhibitor used for the management of essential or
renovascular hypertension, congestive heart failure, left
ventricular dysfunction following myocardial infarction, and
nephropathy
▪ ACE inhibitors dilate arteries and veins and promote sodium and
water excretion advantageous to hypertensive patients

A

CAPTOPRIL

87
Q

▪ gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonist used as a skeletal
muscle relaxant used for the relief of painful and uncomfortable
muscle spasms caused by a variety of conditions
▪ known to be particularly useful in treating muscle spasticity
associated with spinal cord injury

A

BACLOFEN

88
Q

▪ Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.
▪ broad-spectrum antibiotic used in the treatment of tuberculosis
and certain urinary tract infections (UTI)

A

Cycloserine

89
Q

▪ pharmaceutical form is D-penicillamine, as L-penicillamine is
toxic (it inhibits the action of pyridoxine)
▪ A pharmaceutical of the chelator class
▪ It chelates gold, copper, mercury and arsenic
▪ a metabolite of penicillin - employed in the chelation therapy of
Wilson’s disease (excessive deposition of copper in the liver brain
and other tissues) although it has no antibiotic properties

▪ indicated to cystinuria to facilitate excretion of cysteine-
penicillamine complex

A

Penicillamine

90
Q

▪ structural analogue of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-
aminobutyric acid (GABA)

▪ anticonvulsant medication used in the management of
peripheral neuropathic pains, postherpetic neuralgia, and
partial-onset seizures

A

GABAPENTIN

91
Q

▪ aka Valacyclovir, with a brand name Valtrex:
o antiviral drug that has been used to manage and treat
various herpes infections such as genital herpes for
more than 2 decades

▪ This class of drug forms an important part of hepatitis, HIV, and
cytomegalovirus drug regimens.

A

Valaciclovir

92
Q

▪ used as a mucolytic in patients with certain lung conditions and
as an antidote for acetaminophen overdose
▪ exerts mucolytic activity through sulfhydril group, which open up
disulphide bonds in mucoproteins and lowers mucous viscosity of
pulmonary secretions
▪ used in cystic fibrosis, and chronic renal insufficiency, as it can
function as an antioxidant.

A

Acetylcysteine

93
Q

▪ used topically to reduce unwanted facial hair growth in women
▪ mechanism of action: irreversible inhibition of ornithine
decarboxylase (ODC) in the skin affecting hair growth

A

Eflornithine

94
Q

▪ synthetic T4 hormone used to treat hypothyroidism that can be
used along with surgery and radioiodine therapy to manage
thyrotropin-dependent well-differentiated thyroid cancer

A

Levothyroxine

PHARMACY 2 (10 decks)

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