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BC L2 > Biochem Lec 2 > Flashcards

Biochem Lec 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What two monosaccharides should be added to get Sucrose?

A

Fructose + Glucose

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2
Q

What two monosaccharides should be added to get Maltose?

A

Glucose + Glucose

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3
Q

What two monosaccharides should be added to get Lactose?

A

Glucose + Galactose

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4
Q

Haworth Projection

A

A 2D structural notation that specifies 3D structure of cyclic monosaccharide

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5
Q

Walter Norman Haworth

A

British chemist that invented the Haworth Projection

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6
Q

A combination of oxygen and carbonyl group

A

Hemiacetal

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7
Q

Differs only in the position of the substituents

A

Anomers

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8
Q

What do you call a six-atom ring?

A

Pyran/ Pyranose

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9
Q

What do you call a five-atom ring?

A

Furan/Furanose

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10
Q

Pertains to gains of oxygen, loss of hydrogen, loss of electron

A

Oxidation

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11
Q

Pertains to loss of oxygen, gain of hydrogen, gain of election

A

Reduction

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12
Q

What are the two oxidation to produce acidic sugars?

A

Weak and Strong Oxidizing agents

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13
Q

Produced from glucose

A

Glycoside

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14
Q

What do you call an amino sugar formation?

A

D-Glucosamine / P-Galactosamine

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15
Q

Is the bond between 2 monosaccharides resulting from the reaction between the hemiacetal, links two monosaccharides

A

Glycosidic linkage

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16
Q

Has a carbon oxygen carbon bond

A

Disaccharides

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17
Q

Commonly found in baby foods, KW: seeds germinate , baked

A

Maltose

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18
Q

Need not be identical, made by galactose and glucose

A

Lactose

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19
Q

Catalyst that speeds reaction

A

Enzymes

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20
Q

Enzyme to break down lactose

A

Lactase

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21
Q

Most abundant sugar, common table sugar, commercially sugar canes/beets

A

Sucrose

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22
Q

How many monosaccharides are needed to be bond via glycosidic linkage in order to make an Oligosaccharides

A

3-10

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23
Q

Galactose + Glucose + Fructose =

A

Raffinose

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24
Q

Compounds found in potatoes, potato plant’s toxin

A

Solanine

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25
Q

Are glycans, not sweet, not positive in tollens & benedict, limited water solubility

A

Polysaccharides

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26
Q

Many monosaccharides bonded by a glycosidic linkage

A

Polysaccharides

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27
Q

What are the two types of polysaccharides

A

Homopolysaccharide & Heteropolysaccharide

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28
Q

This pertains to the type of polysaccharide with only one type of monosaccharide

A

Homopolysaccharide

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29
Q

This pertains to the type of polysaccharide with more than one type of monosaccharide monomers present

A

Heteropolysaccharide

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30
Q

What are the two chemical polymers?

A

Proteins and Nucleic acids

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31
Q

Storage form for monosaccharides used as an energy source in cells

A

Storage Polysaccharides

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32
Q

What are the 2 Storage Polysaccharides

A

Starch and Glycogen

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33
Q

Two most important storage polysaccharide, what is the difference

A

Starch (plant cells) and Glycogen (animlas & humans)

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34
Q

Energy storage in polysaccharide plants

A

Glycogen

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35
Q

Two types of starch

A

Amylose & Amylopectin

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36
Q

80-85% starch branched

A

Amylopectin

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37
Q

10-15% starch unbranched

A

Amylose

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38
Q

Enzyme to break down amylose

A

Amylese

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39
Q

Connected by a (1s4) glycosidic linkage

A

Amylose

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40
Q

Glucose storage polysaccharides in humans and animals; liver cells and muscle cells, similar to amylopectin

A

Glycogen

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41
Q

1,000,000 glucose units present 3 times more highly branched

A

Glycogen

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42
Q

Structural element in plant cell walls and animal exoskeletons

A

Structural Polysaccharides

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43
Q

Two most important structural polysaccharide

A

Chitin and Cellulose

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44
Q

Structural component of plant cell walls

A

Cellulose

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45
Q

Most abundant naturally occurring polysaccharide, unbranched glucose polymer

A

Cellulose

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45
Q

Second most abundant natural polysaccharide

A

Chitin

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46
Q

Function to give rigidity to exoskeletons of crustaceans, found in cell walls of fungi

A

Chitin

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47
Q

Polysaccharide with a disaccharide repeating unit in which one of the disaccharide components is an amino sugar and one or both disaccharide component has a negative charge

A

Acidic Polysaccharide

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48
Q

Two different monosaccharide present in an alternating pattern

A

Heteropolysaccharide

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49
Q

Two types of acidic polysaccharide

A

Hyaluronic Acid and Heparin

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50
Q

Greek word which means glass

A

Hyalos

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51
Q

Highly viscous jelly-like concistency

A

Hyaluronic Acid

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52
Q

Formed when d-glucuronic acid loses its acidic hydrogen atom (NAG)

A

Hyaluronic Acid

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53
Q

A blood coagulant small highly sulfated polysaccharide

A

Heparin

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54
Q

Two types of dietary carbohydrates

A

Simple and Complex Carbohydrates

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55
Q

Carbohydrate that is usually sweet, dietary MS DS

A

Simple Carbohydrates

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56
Q

Dietary PS, starch and cellulose, not sweet

A

Complex Carbohydrates

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57
Q

How much carbohydrates are needed for a balanced diet

A

60%

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58
Q

Sugar naturally in whole foods

A

Natural sugars

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59
Q

Sugars separated from plant source

A

Refined sugars

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60
Q

Cerebrosides and is extensively brain tissue

A

Glycolipids

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61
Q

Immunoglobins, key components of the body’s immune system

A

Glycoproteins

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62
Q

study of the chemical
substances found in living organisms and
the chemical interactions of these
substances with each other.

A

BIOCHEMISTRY

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63
Q

a chemical
substance found within a living organism

A

BIOCHEMICAL SUBSTANCE

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64
Q

TWO TYPES OF BIOCHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

A

BIOINORHANIC & BIOORGANIC

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65
Q

most abundant class of
bioorganic molecules on planet Earth

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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66
Q

GREEN PLANTS PRODUCE CARBOHYDRATES THRU

A

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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67
Q

carbohydrates serve
as structural elements

A

CELLULOSE IN PLANTS

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68
Q

PROVIDES ENERGY RESERVES

A

STARCH IN PLANTS

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69
Q

polyhydroxy ketone

A

FRUCTOSE

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69
Q

polyhydroxy aldehyde

A

GLUCOSE

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70
Q

carbohydrate that
contains a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or
polyhydroxy ketone unit ; cannot be broken
down into simpler units by hydrolysis
reactions

A

MONOSACCHARIDE

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71
Q

carbohydrate that contains
two monosaccharide units covalently
bonded to each other

A

DISACCHARIDES

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72
Q

carbohydrate that
contains 3 to 10 monosaccharide units

A

OLIGOSACCAHRIDES

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73
Q

polymeric carbohydrate
that contains many monosaccharide units
covalently bonded to each other

A

POLYSACCHARIDES

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74
Q

a form of isomerism

A

HANDEDNESS

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75
Q

the phenomenon in which
more than one compound has the same
chemical formula but different chemical
structures

A

ISOMERISM

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76
Q

the reflection of an object in
a mirror

A

MIRROR IMAGE

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77
Q

images
that coincide at all points when the
images are laid upon each other

A

SUPERIMPOSABLE MIRROR IMAGES

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78
Q

handedness-generating
carbon atom ; an atom in a molecule that
has four different groups bonded to it in a
tetrahedral orientation

A

CHIRAL CENTER

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79
Q

not
all points coincide when the images are
laid upon each other

A

NONSUPERIMPOSABLE MIRROR IMAGES

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80
Q

EXAMPLE OF NONSUMPERIMOSABLE IMAGE

A

HUMAN HANDS

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81
Q

molecule whose mirror
images are not superimposable

A

CHIRAL MOLECULE

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82
Q

mirror images are
superimposable

A

ACHIRAL MOLECULE

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83
Q

isomers that have the
same molecular and structural formulas but
differ in the orientation of atoms in space

A

STEREOISOMERS

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84
Q

back, front | front,
back (opposite)

A

ENANTIOMERS

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84
Q

steroisomers whose
molecules are nonsuperimposable mirror
images of each other

A

ENANTIOMERS

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85
Q

stereoisomers whose
molecules are not mirror images of each
other ;

A

DIASTEREOMERS

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85
Q

two-dimensional structural notation for
showing the spatial arrangement of groups
about chiral centers in molecules ; chiral
center is the intersection of vertical and
horizontal lines

A

FISCHER PROJECTION FORMULA

86
Q

are diastereomers whose
molecules differ only in the configuration at
one chiral center

A

EPIMERS

87
Q

monosaccharide that contains an
aldehyde functional group

A

ALDOSE

88
Q
  • simplest of the monosaccharides
  • these trioses are important
    intermediates in the process of
    glycolysis
A

D-GLYCERALDEHYDE

88
Q

monosaccharide that contains a
ketone functional group

A

KETOSE

88
Q

contains a glucose unit and a
galactose unit

A

LACTOSE

89
Q
  • biochemically the most important
    ketohexose
  • also known as levulose (rotates
    plane-polarized light to the left in
    aqueous solutions) and fruit sugar
  • sweetest tasting of all sugars
  • sometimes used as a dietary sugar
    (not because it has fewer calories
    per gram, but because less is
    needed for the same amount of
    sweetness)
A

D-FRUCTOSE

89
Q
  • most abundant in nature
  • most important from a human
    nutritional standpoint
  • also called dextrose and blood sugar
A

D-GLUCOSE

89
Q

cyclic monosaccharides that
differ only in the positions of the
substituents on the anomeric (hemiacetal)
carbon atom

A

anomers

90
Q

a
two-dimensional structural notation that
specifies the three-dimensional structure of
a cyclic form of a monosaccharide

A

HAWORYH PROJECTION FORMULA

90
Q

hemiacetal
carbon atom present in a cyclic
monosaccharide structure and is bonded to
an -OH group and to the oxygen atom in the
heterocyclic ring

A

ANOMERIC CARBON ATOM

90
Q
  • seldom encountered as a free
    monosaccharide
  • component of numerous important
    biochemical substances
  • sometimes called brain sugar
A

D-GALACTOSE

90
Q

component of a variety of complex
molecules

A

D-RIBOSE

91
Q

WEAK OXIDIZING AGENT GLUCOSE

A

GLUCONIC ACID

91
Q

such as tollens
and benedict’s solutions oxidize the
aldehyde end of an aldose to give an
aldonic acid

A

WEAK OXIDIZING AGENT

92
Q

WEAK OXIDIZING AGENT GALACTOSE

A

GALACTONIC ACID

93
Q

can oxidize both
ends of a monosaccharide at the same time
(the carbonyl group and the terminal
primary alcohol group) to produce a
dicarboxylic acid ;

A

strong oxidizing agents

93
Q

strong oxidizing agents ARE ALSO KNOWN AS

A

ALDARIC ACIDS

93
Q

carbohydrate that gives a
positive test with tollens and benedict’s
solution

A

REDUCING SUGARS

93
Q

because aldoses act as reducing agents in
such reactions, they are called

A

REDUCING SUGARS

93
Q

process of losing electrons

A

OXIDATION

94
Q

SOA GLUCOSE

A

GLUCARIC ACID

95
Q

proteins that help speed up
chemical reactions in our bodies

A

ENZYMES

95
Q
  • have properties similar to those of
    the trihydroxy alcohol glycerol
  • used as moisturizing agents in foods
    and cosmetics
  • used as a sweetening agent in
    chewing gum
A

D-GLUCITOL

96
Q

for aldoses and ketoses, the product of
reduction is the corresponding polyhydroxy
alcohol, which is sometimes called a

A

SUGAR ALCOHOL

97
Q

D GLUCITOL IS ALSO KNOWN AS

A

D SORBITOL

98
Q

a naturally occurring alcohol ; It is
an odorless liquid that is used as a solvent,
sweetening agent, and also as medi

A

GLYCEROL

98
Q

glycoside produced from
glucose

A

GLUCOSIDE

98
Q

general name for
monosaccharide acetals
- an acetal formed from a cyclic
monosaccharide by replacement of
the hemiacetal carbon -OH group
with an -OR group

A

GLYCOSIDE

99
Q

FROM GALACTOSE

A

GALACTOSIDE

100
Q

the hydroxyl
groups of a monosaccharide can react with
inorganic oxyacids to form inorganic esters

A

PHOSPHATE ESTER FORMATION

101
Q

and various
monosaccharides are commonly
encountered in biochemical systems

A

PHOSPHATE ESTERS

102
Q

if one of the
hydroxyl groups of a monosaccharide is
replaced with an amino group, an amino
sugar is produced

A

AMINO SUGAR FORMATION

103
Q

3 common natural amino sugars

A
  • D-glucosamine
  • D-galactosamine
  • D-mannosamine
103
Q

and their N-acetyl
derivatives are important building blocks of
polysaccharides found in chitin and
hyaluronic acid

A

AMINO SUGARS

104
Q

germinated barley that has been
baked and ground

A

MALT

104
Q

forms the major constituent in the
exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls
of fungi

A

CHITIN

105
Q

produced as an intermediate in
the hydrolysis of the polysaccharide
cellulose

A

CELLOBIOSE

106
Q

most abundant of all disaccharides
and occurs throughout the plant
kingdom

A

SUCROSE

107
Q

the enzyme that breaks down the
substance
e.g. lactase, sucrase, maltase

A

-ASE

107
Q

the substance (sugars, carbohydrates
…. )
e.g. lactose, sucrose, maltose

A

-OSE

108
Q

galactose, glucose, and
fructose

A

RAFFINOSE

109
Q

alternate name for polysaccharidES

A

GLYCAN

109
Q

2
galactose molecules, 1 glucose, and 1
fructose ; found in beans, lentils, and
legumes

A

STACHYOSE

110
Q

only one type of
monosaccharide monomer is present

A

HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDE

111
Q

more than one type
of monosaccharide monomer is present

A

HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDE

112
Q

have a
complex, tree-like structure with multiple
chains branching off from the main chain

A

BRANCHED POLYSACCHARIDES

113
Q

stores energy in animals

A

GLYCOGEN

114
Q

key structural component of
plant cell walls, providing rigidity and
strength (humans cannot digest cellulose) ;
important source of dietary fiber

A

CELLULOSE

114
Q

have a
simple, straight structure

A

UNBRANCHED POLYSACCHARIDES

115
Q

forms the cell wall of
bacteria

A

PEPTIDOGLYCAN

116
Q

polysaccharide
that is a storage form for monosaccharides
and is used as an energy source in cells

A

STORAGE POLYSACCHARIDE

117
Q

depends on the
number of individual molecules present

A

OSMOTIC PRESSURE

118
Q

straight chain-glucose polymer,
usually accounts for 15-20% of the starch (UNBRANCHED)

A

AMYLOSE

119
Q

straight chain-glucose polymer,
usually accounts for 15-20% of the starch

A

AMYLOPECTIN

120
Q

polysaccharide that serves as a structural
element in plant cell walls and animal
exoskeletons

A

STRUCTURAL POLYSACCHARIDE

121
Q

woody portions of plants –
stems, stalks, and trunks ; unbranched
glucose polymer

A

CELLULOSE

121
Q

second most abundant NATURAL POLYSACCHARIDE

A

CHITIN

122
Q

serve as lubricants in the
fluid of joints

A

HYALURONIC ACID

122
Q

polysaccharide
with a disaccharide repeating unit in which
one of the disaccharide components is an
amino sugar and one or both disaccharide
components has a negative charge due to a
sulfate group or carboxyl group

A

ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDE

123
Q

small, highly-sulfated
polysaccharide with only 15-90 disaccharide
residues per chain ; blood anticoagulant

A

heparin

124
Q

sugar that has been
separated from its plant source

A

refined SUGAR

125
Q

lipid molecule that has one or
more carbohydrate (or carbohydrate
derivative) units covalently bonded to it

A

GLYCOLIPID

126
Q

protein molecule that has
one or more carbohydrate (or carbohydrate
derivative) units covalently bonded to it

A

GLYCOPROTEIN

127
Q

is an organic compound found in
living organisms that is insoluble (or only
sparingly soluble) in water but soluble in
nonpolar organic solvents.

A

LIPIDS

128
Q

do not have a common structural
feature that serves as the basis for
defining such compounds.

A

LIPIDS

129
Q

Energy-storage lipids

A

TRIACYLGLYCEROLS

129
Q

3 MEMBRANE LIPIDS

A

phospholipids,
sphingoglycolipids, and cholesterol

129
Q

EMULSIFICATION LIPIDS

A

BILE ACIDS

130
Q

steroid hormones and
eicosanoids)

A

MESSENGER LIPIDS

131
Q

BIOLOGICAL WAXES

A

PROTECTIVE-COATING LIPIDS

132
Q

TOL:STEROID HORMONES

A

NON Saponifiable lipids

133
Q

TOL: TRIACYLGLYCEROL

A

Saponifiable lipids

134
Q

TOL:SPHINGOGLYCOLIPIDS

A

Saponifiable lipids

134
Q

TOL:PHOSPOLIPIDS

A

Saponifiable lipids

135
Q

TOL:CHOLESTEROL

A

NON Saponifiable lipids

136
Q

TOL:BILE ACIDS

A

NON Saponifiable lipids

137
Q

TOL: BIOLOGICAL WAXES

A

Saponifiable lipids

138
Q
A
138
Q

is a naturally occurring
monocarboxylic acid and nearly
always contain an even number of
carbon atoms and have a carbon
chain that is unbranched

A

FATTY ACID

139
Q

the most frequently
encountered lipid building block

A

FATTY ACIDS

139
Q

TOL:EICOSANOIDS

A

NONSaponifiable lipids

140
Q

medium-chain fatty acids -

A

C8 AND C10

141
Q

long-chain fatty acids

A

C12-C26

142
Q

short-chain fatty acids

A

C4 AND C6

143
Q

IUPAC NAME FOR SATURATED FATTY ACIDS

A

hexadecanoic acid

144
Q

COMMON NAME OF SATURATED FATTY ACIDS

A

PALMITIC ACID

145
Q

is a fatty
acid with a carbon chain in which one
carbon–carbon double bond is present.

A

MONOSATURATED FATTY ACID

145
Q

IUPAC NAME FOR MONOSATURATED FATTY

A

cis-9-octadecenoic acid

146
Q

is a fatty acid
with a carbon chain in which two or more
carbon–carbon double bonds are present.

A

POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID

146
Q

COMMON NAME FOR MONOSATURATED ACID

A

OLEIC ACID

147
Q

IUPAC NAME FOR POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID

A

cis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoic
acid

148
Q

COMMON NAME FOR POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID

A

LINOLEIC ACID

149
Q

is a fat or fatty
acid in which there is at least one double
bond within the fatty acid chain.

A

UNSATURATED FATTY ACID

150
Q

is an unsaturated
fatty acid with its endmost double bond
three carbon atoms away from its methyl
end.

A

OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID

151
Q

is an unsaturated
fatty acid with its endmost double bond six
carbon atoms away from its methyl end

A

OMEGA 6 FATTY ACID

152
Q

or fatty acids is a direct
function of carbon chain length; solubility
decreases as carbon chain length
increases.

A

WATER SOLUBILITY

153
Q

for fatty acids are strongly
influenced by both carbon chain length and
degree of unsaturation (number of double
bonds present).

A

MELTING POINT

154
Q

prevent unsaturated fatty acids
from packing together as tightly as
saturated fatty acids.

A

BENDS

155
Q

also
function within the body as energy-storage
materials. Rather than being widespread,
triacylglycerols are concentrated primarily in
special cells (adipocytes) that are nearly
filled with the material.

A

LIPIDS / TRIACYLGLYCEROLS

155
Q

ENERGY STORAGE LIPIDS

A

TRIACYLGLYCEROLS

155
Q

These energy storage lipids are the
most abundant type of lipid present
in the human body.

A

LIPIDS

156
Q

is a lipid formed by
esterification of three fatty acids to a
glycerol molecule

A

TRIACYLGLYCEROL

156
Q

OTHER NAME FOR TRIACYLGLYCEROL

A

TRIGLYCERIDE

157
Q

is a triester formed
from the esterification of glycerol with more
than one kind of fatty acid molecule.

A

MIXED TRIACYLGLYCEROL

157
Q

is a triester formed
from the esterification of glycerol with three
identical fatty acid molecules.

A

SINMPLE TRIACYLGLYCEROL

158
Q

are naturally occurring mixtures of
triacylglycerol molecules in which many
different kinds of triacylglycerol molecules
are present.

A

FATS

159
Q

It is a triacylglycerol mixture that is a
solid or a semi-solid at room
temperature (258C).

A

FATS

159
Q

are also naturally occurring mixtures
of triacylglycerol molecules in which there
are many different kinds of triacylglycerol
molecules present.

A

OILS

160
Q

is a triacylglycerol mixture that is a
liquid at room temperature (258C).

A

OILS

161
Q

are composed largely of
triacylglycerols in which saturated
fatty acids predominate, although
some unsaturated fatty acids are
present.

A

FATS

162
Q

is a fatty acid needed
in the human body that must be obtained
from dietary sources because it cannot be
synthesized within the body, in adequate
amounts, from other substances.

A

ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS

163
Q

contain triacylglycerols with
larger amounts of mono- and
polyunsaturated fatty acids than
those in fats.

A

OILS

164
Q

TWO ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS

A

linoleic acid
linolenic acid

165
Q

are
important constituents of the
communication membranes of the
brain and are necessary for normal
brain development.

-ALSO ACTIVE IN THE RETINA OF THE EYE

A

EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID

DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID

166
Q

In response to consumer demand for
low-fat, low-calorie foods, food
scientists have developed several
types of

A

ARTIFICIAL FATS

167
Q

Four important triacylglycerol
reactions

A

hydrolysis,
saponification, hydrogenation, and
oxidation.

168
Q

2 TYPES OF HYDROLYSIS

A

COMPLETE AND PARTIAL HYDROLYSIS

168
Q
  • Reverse of the esterification reaction
  • Requires the presence of an acid or
    a base
  • Under acidic and basic conditions,
    the hydrolysis products are glycerol
    and fatty acids.
A

HYDROLISIS

169
Q

A reaction carried out in an alkaline
(basic) solution. Its products are
glycerol and fatty acid salts.

A

SAPONIFICATION

169
Q

hydrolysis - all three fatty
acids are removed

A

COMPLETE HYDROLYSIS

169
Q

Hydrolysis - one or more AA
residues remains attached to
glycerol

A

PARTIAL HYDROLYSIS

170
Q

Contain one or more fatty acids, a
phosphate group, a platform
molecule, and alcohol.

A

PHOSPHOLIPID

171
Q

The carbon - carbon double bonds
present in the fatty acid residues of a
triacylglycerol are subject to
oxidation with molecular oxygen
(from air) as the oxidizing agent.

Act as antioxidant

A

OXIDATION

171
Q

It involves hydrogen addition across
carbon - carbon multiple bonds,
which increases the degree of
saturation as some double bonds
are converted to single bonds.

A

HYDROGENATION

172
Q

Glycerol-based phospholipids are
called

A

GLYCEROPHOSPOLIPID

173
Q

3 COMMON TYPES OF MEMBRANE LIPIDS

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS
SPHINGOGLYCOLIPIDS
CHOLESTEROL

174
Q

are the most
abundant type of membrane lipid

A

PHOSPOLIPIDS

175
Q

is a lipid that
contains one or more fatty acids, a
phosphate group, a platform
molecule to which the fatty acid(s)
and the phosphate group are
attached, and an alcohol that is
attached to the phosphate group

A

PHOSPOLPID

176
Q

is a lipid that
contains two fatty acids and a phosphate
group esterified to a glycerol molecule and
an alcohol esterified to the phosphate
group.

A

GLYCEROPHOSPOLIPID

177
Q

HOW MANY ESTER LINKAGES DO GLYCEROPHOSPOLIPIDS CONTAIN

A

4 NAMELY FA FA PH ALC

178
Q
A
179
Q
A
180
Q
A

BC L2 (8 decks)

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