Biochem Lec 2 Flashcards
What two monosaccharides should be added to get Sucrose?
Fructose + Glucose
What two monosaccharides should be added to get Maltose?
Glucose + Glucose
What two monosaccharides should be added to get Lactose?
Glucose + Galactose
Haworth Projection
A 2D structural notation that specifies 3D structure of cyclic monosaccharide
Walter Norman Haworth
British chemist that invented the Haworth Projection
A combination of oxygen and carbonyl group
Hemiacetal
Differs only in the position of the substituents
Anomers
What do you call a six-atom ring?
Pyran/ Pyranose
What do you call a five-atom ring?
Furan/Furanose
Pertains to gains of oxygen, loss of hydrogen, loss of electron
Oxidation
Pertains to loss of oxygen, gain of hydrogen, gain of election
Reduction
What are the two oxidation to produce acidic sugars?
Weak and Strong Oxidizing agents
Produced from glucose
Glycoside
What do you call an amino sugar formation?
D-Glucosamine / P-Galactosamine
Is the bond between 2 monosaccharides resulting from the reaction between the hemiacetal, links two monosaccharides
Glycosidic linkage
Has a carbon oxygen carbon bond
Disaccharides
Commonly found in baby foods, KW: seeds germinate , baked
Maltose
Need not be identical, made by galactose and glucose
Lactose
Catalyst that speeds reaction
Enzymes
Enzyme to break down lactose
Lactase
Most abundant sugar, common table sugar, commercially sugar canes/beets
Sucrose
How many monosaccharides are needed to be bond via glycosidic linkage in order to make an Oligosaccharides
3-10
Galactose + Glucose + Fructose =
Raffinose
Compounds found in potatoes, potato plant’s toxin
Solanine
Are glycans, not sweet, not positive in tollens & benedict, limited water solubility
Polysaccharides
Many monosaccharides bonded by a glycosidic linkage
Polysaccharides
What are the two types of polysaccharides
Homopolysaccharide & Heteropolysaccharide
This pertains to the type of polysaccharide with only one type of monosaccharide
Homopolysaccharide
This pertains to the type of polysaccharide with more than one type of monosaccharide monomers present
Heteropolysaccharide
What are the two chemical polymers?
Proteins and Nucleic acids
Storage form for monosaccharides used as an energy source in cells
Storage Polysaccharides
What are the 2 Storage Polysaccharides
Starch and Glycogen
Two most important storage polysaccharide, what is the difference
Starch (plant cells) and Glycogen (animlas & humans)
Energy storage in polysaccharide plants
Glycogen
Two types of starch
Amylose & Amylopectin
80-85% starch branched
Amylopectin
10-15% starch unbranched
Amylose
Enzyme to break down amylose
Amylese
Connected by a (1s4) glycosidic linkage
Amylose
Glucose storage polysaccharides in humans and animals; liver cells and muscle cells, similar to amylopectin
Glycogen
1,000,000 glucose units present 3 times more highly branched
Glycogen
Structural element in plant cell walls and animal exoskeletons
Structural Polysaccharides
Two most important structural polysaccharide
Chitin and Cellulose
Structural component of plant cell walls
Cellulose
Most abundant naturally occurring polysaccharide, unbranched glucose polymer
Cellulose
Second most abundant natural polysaccharide
Chitin
Function to give rigidity to exoskeletons of crustaceans, found in cell walls of fungi
Chitin
Polysaccharide with a disaccharide repeating unit in which one of the disaccharide components is an amino sugar and one or both disaccharide component has a negative charge
Acidic Polysaccharide
Two different monosaccharide present in an alternating pattern
Heteropolysaccharide
Two types of acidic polysaccharide
Hyaluronic Acid and Heparin
Greek word which means glass
Hyalos
Highly viscous jelly-like concistency
Hyaluronic Acid
Formed when d-glucuronic acid loses its acidic hydrogen atom (NAG)
Hyaluronic Acid
A blood coagulant small highly sulfated polysaccharide
Heparin
Two types of dietary carbohydrates
Simple and Complex Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate that is usually sweet, dietary MS DS
Simple Carbohydrates
Dietary PS, starch and cellulose, not sweet
Complex Carbohydrates
How much carbohydrates are needed for a balanced diet
60%
Sugar naturally in whole foods
Natural sugars
Sugars separated from plant source
Refined sugars
Cerebrosides and is extensively brain tissue
Glycolipids
Immunoglobins, key components of the body’s immune system
Glycoproteins
study of the chemical
substances found in living organisms and
the chemical interactions of these
substances with each other.
BIOCHEMISTRY
a chemical
substance found within a living organism
BIOCHEMICAL SUBSTANCE
TWO TYPES OF BIOCHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
BIOINORHANIC & BIOORGANIC
most abundant class of
bioorganic molecules on planet Earth
CARBOHYDRATES
GREEN PLANTS PRODUCE CARBOHYDRATES THRU
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
carbohydrates serve
as structural elements
CELLULOSE IN PLANTS
PROVIDES ENERGY RESERVES
STARCH IN PLANTS
polyhydroxy ketone
FRUCTOSE
polyhydroxy aldehyde
GLUCOSE
carbohydrate that
contains a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or
polyhydroxy ketone unit ; cannot be broken
down into simpler units by hydrolysis
reactions
MONOSACCHARIDE
carbohydrate that contains
two monosaccharide units covalently
bonded to each other
DISACCHARIDES
carbohydrate that
contains 3 to 10 monosaccharide units
OLIGOSACCAHRIDES
polymeric carbohydrate
that contains many monosaccharide units
covalently bonded to each other
POLYSACCHARIDES
a form of isomerism
HANDEDNESS
the phenomenon in which
more than one compound has the same
chemical formula but different chemical
structures
ISOMERISM
the reflection of an object in
a mirror
MIRROR IMAGE
images
that coincide at all points when the
images are laid upon each other
SUPERIMPOSABLE MIRROR IMAGES
handedness-generating
carbon atom ; an atom in a molecule that
has four different groups bonded to it in a
tetrahedral orientation
CHIRAL CENTER
not
all points coincide when the images are
laid upon each other
NONSUPERIMPOSABLE MIRROR IMAGES
EXAMPLE OF NONSUMPERIMOSABLE IMAGE
HUMAN HANDS
molecule whose mirror
images are not superimposable
CHIRAL MOLECULE
mirror images are
superimposable
ACHIRAL MOLECULE
isomers that have the
same molecular and structural formulas but
differ in the orientation of atoms in space
STEREOISOMERS
back, front | front,
back (opposite)
ENANTIOMERS
steroisomers whose
molecules are nonsuperimposable mirror
images of each other
ENANTIOMERS
stereoisomers whose
molecules are not mirror images of each
other ;
DIASTEREOMERS
two-dimensional structural notation for
showing the spatial arrangement of groups
about chiral centers in molecules ; chiral
center is the intersection of vertical and
horizontal lines
FISCHER PROJECTION FORMULA
are diastereomers whose
molecules differ only in the configuration at
one chiral center
EPIMERS
monosaccharide that contains an
aldehyde functional group
ALDOSE
- simplest of the monosaccharides
- these trioses are important
intermediates in the process of
glycolysis
D-GLYCERALDEHYDE
monosaccharide that contains a
ketone functional group
KETOSE
contains a glucose unit and a
galactose unit
LACTOSE
- biochemically the most important
ketohexose - also known as levulose (rotates
plane-polarized light to the left in
aqueous solutions) and fruit sugar - sweetest tasting of all sugars
- sometimes used as a dietary sugar
(not because it has fewer calories
per gram, but because less is
needed for the same amount of
sweetness)
D-FRUCTOSE
- most abundant in nature
- most important from a human
nutritional standpoint - also called dextrose and blood sugar
D-GLUCOSE
cyclic monosaccharides that
differ only in the positions of the
substituents on the anomeric (hemiacetal)
carbon atom
anomers
a
two-dimensional structural notation that
specifies the three-dimensional structure of
a cyclic form of a monosaccharide
HAWORYH PROJECTION FORMULA
hemiacetal
carbon atom present in a cyclic
monosaccharide structure and is bonded to
an -OH group and to the oxygen atom in the
heterocyclic ring
ANOMERIC CARBON ATOM
- seldom encountered as a free
monosaccharide - component of numerous important
biochemical substances - sometimes called brain sugar
D-GALACTOSE
component of a variety of complex
molecules
D-RIBOSE
WEAK OXIDIZING AGENT GLUCOSE
GLUCONIC ACID
such as tollens
and benedict’s solutions oxidize the
aldehyde end of an aldose to give an
aldonic acid
WEAK OXIDIZING AGENT
WEAK OXIDIZING AGENT GALACTOSE
GALACTONIC ACID
can oxidize both
ends of a monosaccharide at the same time
(the carbonyl group and the terminal
primary alcohol group) to produce a
dicarboxylic acid ;
strong oxidizing agents
strong oxidizing agents ARE ALSO KNOWN AS
ALDARIC ACIDS
carbohydrate that gives a
positive test with tollens and benedict’s
solution
REDUCING SUGARS
because aldoses act as reducing agents in
such reactions, they are called
REDUCING SUGARS
process of losing electrons
OXIDATION
SOA GLUCOSE
GLUCARIC ACID
proteins that help speed up
chemical reactions in our bodies
ENZYMES
- have properties similar to those of
the trihydroxy alcohol glycerol - used as moisturizing agents in foods
and cosmetics - used as a sweetening agent in
chewing gum
D-GLUCITOL
for aldoses and ketoses, the product of
reduction is the corresponding polyhydroxy
alcohol, which is sometimes called a
SUGAR ALCOHOL
D GLUCITOL IS ALSO KNOWN AS
D SORBITOL
a naturally occurring alcohol ; It is
an odorless liquid that is used as a solvent,
sweetening agent, and also as medi
GLYCEROL
glycoside produced from
glucose
GLUCOSIDE
general name for
monosaccharide acetals
- an acetal formed from a cyclic
monosaccharide by replacement of
the hemiacetal carbon -OH group
with an -OR group
GLYCOSIDE
FROM GALACTOSE
GALACTOSIDE
the hydroxyl
groups of a monosaccharide can react with
inorganic oxyacids to form inorganic esters
PHOSPHATE ESTER FORMATION
and various
monosaccharides are commonly
encountered in biochemical systems
PHOSPHATE ESTERS
if one of the
hydroxyl groups of a monosaccharide is
replaced with an amino group, an amino
sugar is produced
AMINO SUGAR FORMATION
3 common natural amino sugars
- D-glucosamine
- D-galactosamine
- D-mannosamine
and their N-acetyl
derivatives are important building blocks of
polysaccharides found in chitin and
hyaluronic acid
AMINO SUGARS
germinated barley that has been
baked and ground
MALT
forms the major constituent in the
exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls
of fungi
CHITIN
produced as an intermediate in
the hydrolysis of the polysaccharide
cellulose
CELLOBIOSE
most abundant of all disaccharides
and occurs throughout the plant
kingdom
SUCROSE
the enzyme that breaks down the
substance
e.g. lactase, sucrase, maltase
-ASE
the substance (sugars, carbohydrates
…. )
e.g. lactose, sucrose, maltose
-OSE
galactose, glucose, and
fructose
RAFFINOSE
alternate name for polysaccharidES
GLYCAN
2
galactose molecules, 1 glucose, and 1
fructose ; found in beans, lentils, and
legumes
STACHYOSE
only one type of
monosaccharide monomer is present
HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDE
more than one type
of monosaccharide monomer is present
HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDE
have a
complex, tree-like structure with multiple
chains branching off from the main chain
BRANCHED POLYSACCHARIDES
stores energy in animals
GLYCOGEN
key structural component of
plant cell walls, providing rigidity and
strength (humans cannot digest cellulose) ;
important source of dietary fiber
CELLULOSE
have a
simple, straight structure
UNBRANCHED POLYSACCHARIDES
forms the cell wall of
bacteria
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
polysaccharide
that is a storage form for monosaccharides
and is used as an energy source in cells
STORAGE POLYSACCHARIDE
depends on the
number of individual molecules present
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
straight chain-glucose polymer,
usually accounts for 15-20% of the starch (UNBRANCHED)
AMYLOSE
straight chain-glucose polymer,
usually accounts for 15-20% of the starch
AMYLOPECTIN
polysaccharide that serves as a structural
element in plant cell walls and animal
exoskeletons
STRUCTURAL POLYSACCHARIDE
woody portions of plants –
stems, stalks, and trunks ; unbranched
glucose polymer
CELLULOSE
second most abundant NATURAL POLYSACCHARIDE
CHITIN
serve as lubricants in the
fluid of joints
HYALURONIC ACID
polysaccharide
with a disaccharide repeating unit in which
one of the disaccharide components is an
amino sugar and one or both disaccharide
components has a negative charge due to a
sulfate group or carboxyl group
ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDE
small, highly-sulfated
polysaccharide with only 15-90 disaccharide
residues per chain ; blood anticoagulant
heparin
sugar that has been
separated from its plant source
refined SUGAR
lipid molecule that has one or
more carbohydrate (or carbohydrate
derivative) units covalently bonded to it
GLYCOLIPID
protein molecule that has
one or more carbohydrate (or carbohydrate
derivative) units covalently bonded to it
GLYCOPROTEIN
is an organic compound found in
living organisms that is insoluble (or only
sparingly soluble) in water but soluble in
nonpolar organic solvents.
LIPIDS
do not have a common structural
feature that serves as the basis for
defining such compounds.
LIPIDS
Energy-storage lipids
TRIACYLGLYCEROLS
3 MEMBRANE LIPIDS
phospholipids,
sphingoglycolipids, and cholesterol
EMULSIFICATION LIPIDS
BILE ACIDS
steroid hormones and
eicosanoids)
MESSENGER LIPIDS
BIOLOGICAL WAXES
PROTECTIVE-COATING LIPIDS
TOL:STEROID HORMONES
NON Saponifiable lipids
TOL: TRIACYLGLYCEROL
Saponifiable lipids
TOL:SPHINGOGLYCOLIPIDS
Saponifiable lipids
TOL:PHOSPOLIPIDS
Saponifiable lipids
TOL:CHOLESTEROL
NON Saponifiable lipids
TOL:BILE ACIDS
NON Saponifiable lipids
TOL: BIOLOGICAL WAXES
Saponifiable lipids
is a naturally occurring
monocarboxylic acid and nearly
always contain an even number of
carbon atoms and have a carbon
chain that is unbranched
FATTY ACID
the most frequently
encountered lipid building block
FATTY ACIDS
TOL:EICOSANOIDS
NONSaponifiable lipids
medium-chain fatty acids -
C8 AND C10
long-chain fatty acids
C12-C26
short-chain fatty acids
C4 AND C6
IUPAC NAME FOR SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
hexadecanoic acid
COMMON NAME OF SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
PALMITIC ACID
is a fatty
acid with a carbon chain in which one
carbon–carbon double bond is present.
MONOSATURATED FATTY ACID
IUPAC NAME FOR MONOSATURATED FATTY
cis-9-octadecenoic acid
is a fatty acid
with a carbon chain in which two or more
carbon–carbon double bonds are present.
POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID
COMMON NAME FOR MONOSATURATED ACID
OLEIC ACID
IUPAC NAME FOR POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID
cis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoic
acid
COMMON NAME FOR POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID
LINOLEIC ACID
is a fat or fatty
acid in which there is at least one double
bond within the fatty acid chain.
UNSATURATED FATTY ACID
is an unsaturated
fatty acid with its endmost double bond
three carbon atoms away from its methyl
end.
OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID
is an unsaturated
fatty acid with its endmost double bond six
carbon atoms away from its methyl end
OMEGA 6 FATTY ACID
or fatty acids is a direct
function of carbon chain length; solubility
decreases as carbon chain length
increases.
WATER SOLUBILITY
for fatty acids are strongly
influenced by both carbon chain length and
degree of unsaturation (number of double
bonds present).
MELTING POINT
prevent unsaturated fatty acids
from packing together as tightly as
saturated fatty acids.
BENDS
also
function within the body as energy-storage
materials. Rather than being widespread,
triacylglycerols are concentrated primarily in
special cells (adipocytes) that are nearly
filled with the material.
LIPIDS / TRIACYLGLYCEROLS
ENERGY STORAGE LIPIDS
TRIACYLGLYCEROLS
These energy storage lipids are the
most abundant type of lipid present
in the human body.
LIPIDS
is a lipid formed by
esterification of three fatty acids to a
glycerol molecule
TRIACYLGLYCEROL
OTHER NAME FOR TRIACYLGLYCEROL
TRIGLYCERIDE
is a triester formed
from the esterification of glycerol with more
than one kind of fatty acid molecule.
MIXED TRIACYLGLYCEROL
is a triester formed
from the esterification of glycerol with three
identical fatty acid molecules.
SINMPLE TRIACYLGLYCEROL
are naturally occurring mixtures of
triacylglycerol molecules in which many
different kinds of triacylglycerol molecules
are present.
FATS
It is a triacylglycerol mixture that is a
solid or a semi-solid at room
temperature (258C).
FATS
are also naturally occurring mixtures
of triacylglycerol molecules in which there
are many different kinds of triacylglycerol
molecules present.
OILS
is a triacylglycerol mixture that is a
liquid at room temperature (258C).
OILS
are composed largely of
triacylglycerols in which saturated
fatty acids predominate, although
some unsaturated fatty acids are
present.
FATS
is a fatty acid needed
in the human body that must be obtained
from dietary sources because it cannot be
synthesized within the body, in adequate
amounts, from other substances.
ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS
contain triacylglycerols with
larger amounts of mono- and
polyunsaturated fatty acids than
those in fats.
OILS
TWO ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS
linoleic acid
linolenic acid
are
important constituents of the
communication membranes of the
brain and are necessary for normal
brain development.
-ALSO ACTIVE IN THE RETINA OF THE EYE
EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID
DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID
In response to consumer demand for
low-fat, low-calorie foods, food
scientists have developed several
types of
ARTIFICIAL FATS
Four important triacylglycerol
reactions
hydrolysis,
saponification, hydrogenation, and
oxidation.
2 TYPES OF HYDROLYSIS
COMPLETE AND PARTIAL HYDROLYSIS
- Reverse of the esterification reaction
- Requires the presence of an acid or
a base - Under acidic and basic conditions,
the hydrolysis products are glycerol
and fatty acids.
HYDROLISIS
A reaction carried out in an alkaline
(basic) solution. Its products are
glycerol and fatty acid salts.
SAPONIFICATION
hydrolysis - all three fatty
acids are removed
COMPLETE HYDROLYSIS
Hydrolysis - one or more AA
residues remains attached to
glycerol
PARTIAL HYDROLYSIS
Contain one or more fatty acids, a
phosphate group, a platform
molecule, and alcohol.
PHOSPHOLIPID
The carbon - carbon double bonds
present in the fatty acid residues of a
triacylglycerol are subject to
oxidation with molecular oxygen
(from air) as the oxidizing agent.
Act as antioxidant
OXIDATION
It involves hydrogen addition across
carbon - carbon multiple bonds,
which increases the degree of
saturation as some double bonds
are converted to single bonds.
HYDROGENATION
Glycerol-based phospholipids are
called
GLYCEROPHOSPOLIPID
3 COMMON TYPES OF MEMBRANE LIPIDS
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
SPHINGOGLYCOLIPIDS
CHOLESTEROL
are the most
abundant type of membrane lipid
PHOSPOLIPIDS
is a lipid that
contains one or more fatty acids, a
phosphate group, a platform
molecule to which the fatty acid(s)
and the phosphate group are
attached, and an alcohol that is
attached to the phosphate group
PHOSPOLPID
is a lipid that
contains two fatty acids and a phosphate
group esterified to a glycerol molecule and
an alcohol esterified to the phosphate
group.
GLYCEROPHOSPOLIPID
HOW MANY ESTER LINKAGES DO GLYCEROPHOSPOLIPIDS CONTAIN
4 NAMELY FA FA PH ALC
