Biochem / Immunology

Question 1

causes of normal anion gap metabolic acidossi

Answer 1

Diarrhoea, RTA, Acetazolamide Addison’s

Question 2

Causes of raised anion gap met acidosis

Answer 2

Lactic acidosis in shock/sepsis, Ketones in DKA and alcohol, Urates in renal failure and Salicylates

Question 3

does hypokalaemia cause acidosis or alkalosis?

Answer 3

Alkalosis. Low extracellular potassium pulls K out of cells. To compensate, H+ goes into cells, thus raising pH

Question 4

what are causes of pseudohyponatraemia?

Answer 4

taking blood from arm with drip in
Hyperlipidaemia (due to increase in nonaqueous component of serum, so relative decrease in water… Sodium is restricted to water so appears low)

Question 5

does hyperkalaemia cause acidosis or alkalosis

Answer 5

metabolic acidosis… because K+ and H+ ions compete to exchange with Na+ at distal tubule

Question 6

What causes interferon release

Answer 6

Viral infections and neoplasia

Question 7

Interferon alpha beta and gamma… What receptors do they bind to?

Answer 7

Alpha and beta Type 1 receptors

Gamma Type 2 receptors

Question 8

What produces Interferon alpha?

Answer 8

aLpha

Leucocytes

Question 9

What produces Interferon beta?

Answer 9

Beta

FibroBlasts

Question 10

What produces Interferon gamma

Answer 10

NK cells and T lymphocytes

Question 11

Mechanism of NSAID induced bronchospasm in asthma

Answer 11

Thought to be from increased leuokotrienes as a result of inhibition of prostaglandin sythetase

Question 12

what produces intrinsic factor and where are they?

Answer 12

Parietal cells in stomach. The vit b12 intrinsic factor complex is then actively absorbed in terminal ileum

Question 13

What type of HLA allele is most associated with Rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 13

HLA DR4
  (RA=R4)

Question 14

What is main component of Pulmonary surfactant

Answer 14

dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC)

Question 15

Other name for struvite

Answer 15

struvite = magnesium ammonium phosphate

Question 16

C1 inhibitor (C1-INH) protein deficiency

Answer 16

Hereditary Angioedema

Question 17

C1q, C1rs, C2, C4 deficiency

Answer 17

Immune complexes

E.g. SLE , HSP

Question 18

C3 deficiency

Answer 18

Bacterial infections

Question 19

C5 deficiency

Answer 19

Leiner disease (diarrhoea, dermititis, wasting)

Question 20

C5-9 deficiency

Answer 20

Neisseria meningitides

Nine….sseria?

encodes the membrane attack complex (MAC)

Question 21

Il-1 is secreted by…

Answer 21

macrophages and monocytes

acts as a costimulator of T cell and B cell prolif