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SEM 1 > Biochem Finals Pt.2 > Flashcards

Biochem Finals Pt.2 Flashcards

1
Q

It gives the most energy

A

Answer: Lipids (9 kcal)

Carbs and Proteins: 4 kcal each

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2
Q

Nucleic acids do not generate energy

A
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3
Q

Building blocks of proteins

A

Amino Acids

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4
Q

Amino acids are linked together by:

A

Peptide bonds (Amide Bond)

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5
Q
  • simplest amino acid
  • no optical activity
  • precursor for hemoglobin synthesis
A

Glycine (G)

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6
Q
  • next simplest amino acid
A

Alanine (A)

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7
Q
  • can be converted to tyrosine using phenylalanine hydrxoylase
  • Deficiency of enzyme: Phenylketonuria
A

Phenylalanine (F)

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8
Q

High levels of phenylalanine can lead to the accumulation of phenyl ketones which will be distributed to the urine (Phenylketonuria - mousy odor urine)

A
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9
Q
  • can be converted to catecholamines (E,N,D) via the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase
  • can be converted to melanin (brown pigment in skin) using the enzyme tyrosinase
A

Tyrosine (Y)

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10
Q

Low melanin levels (because of tyrosinase deficiency) results in:

A

Albinism

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11
Q
  • converted to serotonin (happy hormone)
  • converted to melatonin (sleep-wake cycle)
  • converted to Niacin (B3)
A

Tryptophan (W)

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12
Q

B3 Deficiency will lead to pellagra-like symptoms (4Ds) : Diarrhea, Dementia, Dermatitis, Death

A
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13
Q

The inability to absorb tryptophan; exhibits 4D symptoms

A

Hartnup’s disease

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14
Q
  • for glutathione (natural antioxidant) synthesis
  • Dimer: Cystine
A

Cysteine (C)

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15
Q
  • contains sulfur
  • well known start codon (needed for protein synthesis)
A

Methionine (M)

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16
Q

Basic Amino Acids

A

Histidine (H)
Arginine (R)
Lysine (K)

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17
Q

Acidic Amino Acids

A

Aspartic Acid (D)
Glutamic Acid (E)

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18
Q

The only amino acid without an amino group; it has an imino group

A

Proline

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19
Q

General test for proteins (amino acids)

A

Ninhydrin Test (Purple Result)

Proline: Yellow

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20
Q

Amidic Amino Acids (Neutral)

A

Asparagine (N)
Glutamine (Q)

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21
Q

Alcoholic Amino Acids

A

Serine (S)
Threonine (T)

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22
Q

Branched Chain Amino Acids
- degraded by Branched-chain
alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase

A

Leucine (L)
Isoleucine (I)
Valine (V)

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23
Q

Absence of enzyme alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase

A

Maple Syrup Urine Disease

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24
Q

Structural proteins for skin and cartilage

A

Collagen

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25
Q

Structural proteins for vessels, dermis, tendon

A

Elastin

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26
Q

Structural proteins for hair and nails

A

Keratin

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27
Q

Structural proteins for cell membrane

A

Glycoproteins

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28
Q

thin & moving filament

A

Actin

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29
Q

thick & stationary

A

Myosin

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30
Q

Nutrient proteins found in egg white

A

Ovalbumin

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31
Q

Nutrient proteins found in milk

A

Casein

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32
Q

Chemical messengers

A
  1. Insulin
  2. Growth hormone/Somatropin
33
Q

Immunoglobulin for secretions like saliva, tears

A

IgA

34
Q

Smallest antibodies; can pass through the placenta to protect the baby

A

IgG

35
Q

Antibody with no function yet

A

IgD

36
Q

Antibody for allergy

A

IgE

37
Q

The largest antibodies; first Ig produced during infection

A

IgM

38
Q

Oxygen carriers

A

Myoglobin / Hemoglobin

39
Q

Transport form of Fe

A

Transferrin

40
Q

Storage form of Fe

A

Ferritin

41
Q

Building blocks of nucleic acids; composed of sugar (ribose and deoxyribose), base, and phosphate group

A

Nucleotides

42
Q

double-stranded sugar phosphate

A

DNA

43
Q

single-stranded sugar phosphate

A

RNA

44
Q

Complementary DNA Bases

A

Adenine - Thymine
Cytosine - Guanine

45
Q

Base pairs ang linked together by:

A

Hydrogen bonds

46
Q

A DNA-directed DNA synthesis

A

Replication

47
Q

DNA-directed RNA synthesis

A

Transcription

48
Q

RNA-directed Protein Synthesis

A

Translation

49
Q

End product of the Central Dogma

A

Protein

50
Q

What enzyme separates the double-stranded DNA?

A

Helicase

51
Q

What enzyme will start the replication process by making templates known as primers?

A

Primase

52
Q

What enzyme will bind to the primer to make a new strand of DNA?

A

DNA Polymerase

53
Q

This enzyme seals the fragments of DNA in both strands to form a continuous double strand?

A

DNA Ligase

54
Q

DNA is coiled around proteins in the chromosomes called:

A

Histones

55
Q

Within the DNA, are sections of genome called:

A

Gene

56
Q

What do you call the three bases formed during protein synthesis?

A

Codon

57
Q

The type of RNA that carries the amino acid to the messenger RNA

A

Transfer RNA

58
Q

Purine Bases

A

Guanine
Adenine

59
Q

Pyrimidine Bases

A

Cytosine
Uracil
Thymine

60
Q

There is a change in one single base.

Ex. UCA (Serine) - UCG (Serine)

A

Point Mutation

61
Q

Three stop codons

A

UAG
UAA
UGA

62
Q

inserted / deleted base

A

Frameshift Mutation

63
Q

Vitamin A Synonym and Deficiency

  • For the eyes
A
  • Retinol
  • Deficiency: Xerophthalmia (dry eyes), Nyctalopia (night blindness)
64
Q
  • Sunshine Vitamin
  • For bone mineralization
  • Deficiency: Rickets (Children), Osteomalacia (Adult)
A

Vitamin D

65
Q
  • L-tocopherol
  • Antioxidant
A

Vitamin E

66
Q
  • Pro coagulant (it promotes blood clotting)
  • Hemorrhage, bleeding
A

Vitamin K

67
Q
  • Vitamin B1 Synonym and Deficiency
A

Thiamine

Deficiency: Beri beri/ Wernicke Korsakoff Syndrome (alcoholism)

68
Q

Vitamin B2 Synonym and Deficiency

A

Riboflavin

Deficiency: Cheilosis (dryness of the mouth), Glossitis (tongue inflammation), Stomatitis (mouth sores)

69
Q

Vitamin B3 synonym and deficiency

A

Niacin

Deficiency: Pellagra (4D)

70
Q

Vitamin B5 synonym and deficiency

A

Pantothenic acid

Deficiency: Chick Anti- Dermatitis Factor (Burning Foot Syndrome)

71
Q

Vitamin B6 synonym and deficiency

A

Pyridoxine

Treatment: Prevents Peripheral Neuropathy in Tuberculosis (Isoniazid - causes peripheral neuropathy)

72
Q

Vitamin B7 synonym and deficiency

A

Biotin

Role: Carboxylation reactions

73
Q

Vitamin B9 synonym and deficiency
- Necessary for fetal development

A

Folic Acid

Deficiency: Neural tube defects

74
Q

Vitamin B12 Synonym and Deficiency

A

Cyanocobalamin

Deficiency: Anemia

75
Q

Vitamin C Synonym and Deficiency
- Anti-scorbutic vitamin
- Least stable

A

Ascorbic Acid (Cevitamic)

Deficiency: Scurvy

76
Q

Simple Amino Acids

A

Glycine (G)
Alanine (A)

77
Q

Aromatic Amino Acids

A

Phenylalanine (F)
Tyrosine ( Y)
Tryptophan (W)

78
Q

Sulfur Containing Amino Acids

A

Cysteine (C)
Methionine (M)

SEM 1 (8 decks)

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