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SEM 1 > Biochem > Flashcards

Biochem Flashcards

1
Q

􏰁basic functional and structural unit of life

A

Cell

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2
Q

Plant cell wall

A

Cellulose

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3
Q

Bacteria cell wall

A

Peptidoglycan

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4
Q

Fungi cell wall

A

Chitin

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5
Q

Parts of the cell membrane

A
  1. Phospholipids
  2. Glycoproteins and Glycolipids
  3. Cholesterol
  4. Arachidonic Acid
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6
Q

powerhouse of the cell; produces ATP (energy)

A

Mitochondrion

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7
Q

responsible for protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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8
Q

Types of ribosomes in prokaryotes

A

Prokaryote: 30s, 50s = 70s

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9
Q

Types of ribosomes in eukaryotes

A

Eukaryote: 40s, 60s = 80s

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10
Q

suicide bag of the cell

A

Lysosomes

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11
Q

has enzymes and free radicals (when released, will cause APOPTOSIS)

A

Lysosomes

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12
Q

Red blood cells lifespan

A

120 days

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13
Q

Red blood cells lifespan (Hemolytic anemia)

A

< 120 days

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14
Q

Organelle responsible for lipid-synthesis

A

Smooth ER

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15
Q

Organelle responsible for protein synthesis

A

Rough ER

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16
Q

Organelle responsible packaging and storage of substances in the cell

A

Golgi apparatus

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17
Q

It is the control center of the cell

A

Nucleus

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18
Q

tightly coiled DNA strands (46 chromosomes)

A

Chromosomes

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19
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do we have

A

23 pairs (46 in total)

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20
Q

It is the site of ribosome assembly

A

Nucleolus

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21
Q

Parts of the nucleus

A

Chromosomes
Nucleolus
Nuclear membrane

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22
Q

First products of photosynthesis

A

Carbohydrates

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23
Q

It is a nonreducing sugar

A

Sucrose

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24
Q

These are invert sugars.

A

Glucose and Fructose

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25
Q

Sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed further

A

Monosaccharides

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26
Q

Characterized by the number of C atoms in the molecules

A

Monosaccharides

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27
Q

The most important monosaccharide

A

Hexoses

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28
Q

􏰀 Aldohexose
􏰀 Dextrose, Blood sugar, Grape sugar, Physiologic sugar

A

Glucose

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29
Q

􏰀 Ketohexose
􏰀 Reducing sugar
􏰀 Fruit sugar; sweet fruits and honey

A

Fructose

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30
Q

􏰀 aka Levulose, the sweetest monosaccharide

A

Fructose

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31
Q

It is readily absorbed in the intestines; biosynthesized in mammary glands

A

Galactose

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32
Q

Examples of hexoses

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Mannose

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33
Q

found in Gum Arabic/Acacia

A

Arabinose

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34
Q

found in RNA

A

Ribose

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35
Q

found in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

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36
Q

isomers that differ in only 1 C

A

Epimers

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37
Q

Epimers of Glucose:

A

C2 – mannose
C4 – galactose

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38
Q

Examples of Pentoses

A

Arabinose
Ribose
Deoxyribose

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39
Q

Glucose + Fructose

A

Sucrose

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40
Q

Glucose + Glucose (α-1,4)

A

Maltose

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41
Q

Glucose + Glucose (β-1,4)

A

Cellybiose

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42
Q

Glucose + Galactose

A

Lactose

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43
Q

Examples of Disaccharides

A

Sucrose
Maltose
Cellybiose
Lactose

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44
Q

An oligosaccharide which is product of starch degradation

A

Dextrin

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45
Q

It is the only reagent that can dissolve cellulose

A

Schweitzer’s Reagent:

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46
Q

The sum total of all chemical reactions needed to maintain life

A

Metabolism

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47
Q

building up

A

Anabolism

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48
Q

breaking down

A

Catabolism

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49
Q

combination [ex. Krebs cycle]

A

Amphibolism

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50
Q

energy consuming

A

Endergonic

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51
Q

energy producing

A

Exergonic

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52
Q
  • Energy currency of the cell
  • Links anabolic and catabolic reactions
  • Composed of ADP + P + Energy
A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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53
Q
  • Entails the formation of 1 unit of ATP per unit of metabolite transformed
  • Does not need O2
A

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

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54
Q
  • Entails the formation of 2 or 3 units of ATP per unit of metabolite transformed.
  • Uses co-enzymes: FAD and NAD
A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

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55
Q

Glucose → pyruvate

A

Glycolysis

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56
Q

Pyruvate → Acetyl CoA

A

Intermediate Step

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57
Q

Acetyl CoA → CO2 + ATP

A

Krebs Cycle

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58
Q

Removal of carbon dioxide

A

Decarboxylation

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59
Q

During intermediate reactions ( formation of acetyl coA), in anaerobic reactions, pyruvic acid is converted to

A

Lactic acid

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60
Q

During intermediate reactions (formation of acetyl coA), in awrobic reactions, pyruvic acid is converted to

A

Acetyl CoA, which enters the Krebs Cycle

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61
Q

The krebs’ cycle is commonly known as the

A

Tricarboxylic acid cycle

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62
Q

final electron acceptor in electron transport chain

A

O2

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63
Q

Products of Electron Transport Chain

A

ATP + H2O

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64
Q

Glucose -> Glycogen

A

Glycogenesis

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65
Q

Hormone responsible in Glycogenesis

A

Insulin

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66
Q
  • Occurs in emergency situations
  • Glycogen -> Glucose
A

Glycogenolysis

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67
Q

Hormone responsible in Glycogenolysis

A

Epinephrine or Adrenaline

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68
Q

glucose supply for 12-14 hours

A

Glycogen

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69
Q

Stored in the liver, kidneys, and intestinal epithelium

A

Glycogen

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70
Q

Glucose is synthesized from noncarbohydrate materials (lactate, glycerol, amino acids), proteins, fats, and other sources

A

Gluconeogenesis

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71
Q

Pancreatic hormones

A

α – Glucagon
β – Insulin

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72
Q

Fewer covalent bonds due to decrease in oxygen concentration

A

Lipids

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73
Q

Hydrophobic: they are not soluble in plasma, thus, are covered with proteins (LIPOPROTEINS)

A

Lipids

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74
Q

carrying lipids in the body

A

Lipoproteins

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75
Q

Carries cholesterol from vessels to liver where it is metabolized

A

HDL/Good Chloesterol

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76
Q

Deposits cholesterol to other parts of the body

A

LDL/Bad Cholesterol

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77
Q
  • Energy storage
  • Components: Glycerol + Fatty acids
A

Triglycerides

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78
Q

􏰃 Membrane lipids
􏰃 Glycerol + Fatty acid + Phosphoric acid + Organic molecule/Polar head group

A

Phospholipids/Phosphoglycerides

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79
Q

ID Test for choline

A

Rosenheim Test

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80
Q

􏰃 Component of cell membrane, Component of myelin sheath

A

Sphingolipids/Glycolipids/Glycosphingolipids

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81
Q

Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene (CPPP) nucleus

A

Steroids

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82
Q

precursor of other steroids

A

Cholesterol

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83
Q

Animal sterols

A

Cholesterol

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84
Q

Plant sterols

A

Phytosterol or β-sitosterol

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85
Q

Fungi sterols

A

Ergosterol

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86
Q

Soybean sterol

A

Stigmasterol

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87
Q

􏰃 Produced by liver, Stored in gallbladder
􏰃 Function: emulsification of fats

A

Bile salts

88
Q

Sunshine vitamin, needed for calcium absorption

A

Vitamin D

89
Q

Precursors of Vitamin D

A
  1. 7-dehydrocholesterol -> Cholecalciferol or Vit. D3
  2. Ergosterol -> Ergocalciferol or Vit. D2
90
Q

woman’s secondary characteristics

A

Progesterone
Estrogen

91
Q

regulates hormone & electrolyte imbalance (deficiency 􏰁 Diabetes insipidus)

A

Vasopressin

92
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids

A

16C Palmitic (most abundant FA)
20C Arachidic
12C Lauric
14C Myristic
18C Stearic
10C Capric

93
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A

18:1 Oleic
18:2 Linoleic
18:3 Linolenic (dietary precursor of PGE)
18:4 Arachidonic (precursor of PGE)

94
Q

Vitamin F (essential FAs):

A

Oleic, Linoleic, Linolenic

95
Q

of mg of KOH required to Neutralize the free acids in 1g

A

Acid Value

96
Q

of mg of KOH required to Saponify the esters on 1 g

A

Ester Value

97
Q

of mg of KOH required to

Neutralize free fatty acids and saponify esters

A

SV/Koettsdorfer

98
Q

of KOH equivalent to OH content of 1 g subs

A

Hydroxyl Value

99
Q

of mg of Iodine absorbed by 100 g substance

A

Iodine Value

100
Q

Drying >120 (linseed, fish)
Semidrying 100-120 (cottonseed, sesame)
Nondrying <120 (olive, almond)

A
101
Q

Most abundant biomolecule (70% of the body)

A

Proteins

102
Q

Building blocks of proteins

A

Amino Acids

103
Q

Proteins are Amphoteric; At physiologic pH (isoelectric point, pH 7.4), exists as

A

zwitterions

104
Q

the bond that joins each amino acid

A

Peptide bond

105
Q

only amino acid without an amino group; It has an imino group (Imino acid)

A

Proline (Pro, P)

106
Q

simplest amino acid (R group is Hydrogen); only amino acid that is not optically active

A

Glycine (Gly, G)

107
Q

It is a sequence of a chain of amino acids.

  • Peptide bonds
A

Primary proteins

108
Q
  • Twisting and folding

occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds

A

Secondary proteins

109
Q

occurs when certain attractions are present between alpha helices and pleated sheets

A

Tertiary proteins

110
Q
  • Arrangement of polypeptide chains

is a protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain.

A

Quaternary Proteins

111
Q

Acted upon by H2O/enzymes/acid

A

Proteans

112
Q

Acted upon by acid or alkali

A

Metaproteins

113
Q

Acted upon by alcohol or heat

A

Coagulated proteins

114
Q

Secondary derived protein with
Highest MW group

A

Proteoses

115
Q

Secondary derived protein with Intermediate MW

A

Peptones

116
Q

Secondary derived protein with Lowest MW group

A

Peptides

117
Q

formed from progressive hydrolysis of protein

A

Secondary derived proteins

118
Q

Denatured Proteins

A

Primary derived proteins

119
Q

nonprotein substances + AA

A

Conjugated Proteins

120
Q

skin and cartilage

A

Collagen

121
Q

vessels, dermis, tendon

A

Elastin

122
Q

hair and nails

A

Keratin

123
Q

cell membrane

A

Glycoproteins

124
Q

thin & moving filament

A

Actin

125
Q

thick & stationary

A

Myosin

126
Q

egg white

A

Ovalbumin

127
Q

milk

A

Casein

128
Q

immunoglobulins for secretion

A

IgA

129
Q

smallest immunoglobulin

A

IgG

130
Q

allergy immunoglobulin

A

IgE

131
Q

largest immunoglobulin ; first Ig produced during infection

A

IgM

132
Q

oxygen carriers

A

Myoglobin / Hgb

133
Q

transport form of Fe

A

Transferrin

134
Q

storage form of Fe

A

Ferritin

135
Q
  • Colloids that are soluble in water
  • Work best at temperatures between 35-40°C (optimal: 37°C)
A

Enzymes

136
Q

o Activity is dependent on pH of the medium
o Highly selective (follows the principle of Lock and Key)

A

Enzymes

137
Q

vitamin cofactors

A

Co-enzymes

138
Q

– inactive form of an enzyme

A

Zymogens or Proenzymes

139
Q

– protein part of an enzyme

A

Apoenzymes

140
Q

– nonprotein part of an enzyme

A

Cofactor

141
Q

– catalytically active enzyme (P+NP)

A

Holoenzyme

142
Q

• Oxidation-reduction metabolism
• Ex. Dehydrogenases, oxidases, peroxidases

A

Oxidoreductases

143
Q

• Transfer of groups, such as phosphate & amino
• Ex. kinases

A

Transferases

144
Q

• Hydrolyze substrates
• Proteolytic enzymes, amylases, esterases

A

Hydrolases

145
Q

•Removal of functional groups by means other than hydrolysis
•Ex. Decarboxylases, deaminases

A

Lyases

146
Q

•Catalyze the coupling of 2 molecules •Ex. DNA ligase

A

Ligases

147
Q

•Catalyze various isomerizations, such as the change from D- to L- form

A

Isomerases

148
Q

– enzyme found in salivary glands

A

Amylase and Diastase (Ptyalin)

149
Q

enzyme in pancreas

A

Amylopsin

150
Q

enzyme that converts CHO to OH and CO2

A

Zymase

151
Q

– enzyme that breaks down cyanogenic glycosides

A

Emulsin

152
Q

– enzyme that breaks down isothiocyanate glycosides

A

Myrosin

153
Q

enzyme that breaks down lipids into glycerol + fatty acids (Lipolysis)

A

Lipase

154
Q

Urea(waste product of break down of proteins) —> ammonia

A

Urease

155
Q

Made up of chains of nucleotides

A

Nucleic acids

156
Q

links sugar and base

A

Glycosidic bond

157
Q

links sugar and phosphate

A

Phosphodiester bond

158
Q

Purine (2 rings)

A

Guanine
Adenine

159
Q

It is only found in DNA

A

Thymine

160
Q

It is only found in RNA

A

Uracil

161
Q

􏰃 Double helix – Watson and Crick
􏰃 Coiled strands containing the genetic code

A

DNA

162
Q
  • unique sequence of nucleotide
  • base or nucleotide sequence
A

Primary DNa

163
Q
  • DNA double helix
  • H bonds
A

Secondary DNA

164
Q
  • supercoiling􏰁chromosomes
  • DNA gyrase/topoisomerase II facilitates supercoiling
A

Tertiary DNA

165
Q

Information stored in DNA is transferred to RNA and then expressed in the structure of proteins

A

Information Transmission

166
Q

messenger; “template” for transcription

A

mRNA

167
Q

transfer; carrying amino acids to sites of protein synthesis

A

tRNA

168
Q

ribosomal RNA

A

rRNA

169
Q

􏰃 Information in mRNA translated into primary sequence of a protein in 4 steps:
􏰃 Start codon: AUG (methionine)
􏰃 Stop codons: UAA, UAG, UGA

A

Translation (Protein Synthesis

170
Q

A change in shape, structure, and nucleotide sequence

A

Mutation

171
Q

Codon containing the changed base may code for the same amino acid

A

Silent Mutation

172
Q
  • Codon containing the changed base codes for a different amino acids
  • Causes disease
A

Missense Mutation

173
Q
  • Codon containing the changed base may become a stop codon
A

Nonsense Mutation

174
Q

Organic substances, not synthesized within the body, that are essential in small amounts for the maintenance of
normal metabolic functions

A

Vitamins

175
Q

Absorption from the intestinal tract is associated with that of lipids and a deficiency state may be caused by
conditions that impair fat absorption

A

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

176
Q

For Vision, growth, tissue differentiation

A

Vitamin A

177
Q
  • Most toxic vitamin
  • Most stable vitamin
A

Vitamin A (Retinol)

178
Q

Sunshine vitamin; Ca and PO4 absorption

A

Vitamin D

179
Q
  • Synergistic with Se
  • Antioxidant
A

Vitamin E (α-tocopherol)

180
Q

For Prothrombin formation

A

Vitamin K (2-methyl-1,4- naphthoquinone)

181
Q
  • Decarboxylation (CHO, AA)
  • Beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff
A

B1 (Thiamine)

182
Q
  • Redox coenzyme, FAD
  • Stomatitis, Chelitis, Glossitis
  • SE: yellow urine
A

B2 (Riboflavin)

183
Q
  • Redox coenzyme, NAD
  • Pellagra, Dementia, Dermatitis, Diarrhea
A

B3 (Niacin)

184
Q

Acetyl CoA
- Secretion of hormones (cortisone)
- Paresthesias of the extremities or “burning foot” syndrome

A

B5 (Pantothenic acid)

185
Q

Transamination, Decarboxylation (CHO, AA), RBC metabolism

A

B6 (Pyridoxine)

186
Q

Folate —> FH2 —> Tetrahydrofolic acid (liver & plasma)
- Megaloblastic anemia Macrocytic anemia

A

B9 (Folic acid)

187
Q
  • RBC synthesis
  • Metabolism of Folic Acid
  • Pernicious Anemia
A

B12 (Cobalamin)

188
Q

Most active B12

A

Cyanocobalamin

189
Q

B12 for CN toxicity associated with Na nitroprusside

A

Hydroxocobalamin

190
Q

􏰅 Precursor of folic acid
􏰅 Added as an accessory food factor

A

Para-aminobenzoic Acid (PABA)

191
Q

􏰅 Used for rheumatic fever and other conditions benefiting from salicylate therapy; UV sunscreen in topical
preparations
􏰅 Interferes with the antibacterial action of sulfonamides

A

Para-aminobenzoic Acid (PABA)

192
Q

􏰅 Occur in egg yolk, animal organs, fish, milk, cereal grains, fruits and root vegetables
􏰅 Essential nutrient in certain higher animals

A

Choline (B-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium hydroxide)

193
Q

􏰅 USE: lipotropic agent in conditions such as liver cirrhosis, Huntington’s chorea, presenile dementia and
tardive dyskinesia

A

Choline

194
Q

􏰅 Implicated in membrane transport of amino acids and K and Na ions
􏰅 Large doses may cause moderate diarrhea

A

Inositol

195
Q

Inadequate vitamin intake can result not only from a poor diet but also from alcoholism, increased needs during pregnancy and lactation, prolonged broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy and the course of parenteral nutrition.

A

Multivitamin Therapy

196
Q

It facilitates supercoiling

A

DNA gyrase/topoisomerase II

197
Q

Programmed cell death

A

Apoptosis

198
Q

Accidental cell death

A

Necrosis

199
Q

Accidental cell death

A

Necrosis

200
Q

o Occurs in the CYTOSOL

an anabolic pathway, responsible for generating pentoses and reducing equivalents in the form of NADPH

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

201
Q

Test for carbohydrates

A

Molisch’s Test

202
Q

Tests for reducing sugars

A

Benedict’s
Barfoed’s (Monosaccharides)
Tollen’s (Aldehydes)
Picric Acid
Nylanders
Moore’s (Glucose)

203
Q

Test for Mannose

A

Osazone/Kowarsky

204
Q

Test for ketohexose (fructose)

A

Seliwanoff

205
Q

Test for deoxy sugars

A

Keller-Killiani

206
Q

Test for galactose

A

Mucic acid Test

207
Q

Test for pentoses

A

Bial’s Test

208
Q

Excess triglycerides are deposited in adipose tissues

A
209
Q

Waste products of b oxidation

A

Acetoacetic acid
B-hydroxybutyric acid
Acetone

210
Q

medical term for gallstones

A

Cholelith

211
Q

contracts gallbladder to release bile

A

Cholecystokinin

212
Q

most sensitive; test for presence of cholesterol

A

Liebermann-Burchard Test

213
Q

N terminal – Phenylalanine
C terminal - Glycine

A
214
Q

Polypeptide chain arranged in tightly parallel fibers and sheets

A

Fibrous

215
Q

Polypeptide chains are arranged in compact, spherical forms; insoluble in water

A

Globular

216
Q

waste product of breakdown of PURINES

A

Uric Acid

SEM 1 (8 decks)

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