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SEM 1 > Biochem Finals Pt.1 > Flashcards

Biochem Finals Pt.1 Flashcards

1
Q

CHO

A

Carbohydrates / Lipids

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2
Q

CHON

A

Proteins

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3
Q

CHONSP

A

Nucleic acids

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4
Q

A semi-permeable layer of the cell; allowing the selective entry and exit of substances

A

Cell Membrane

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5
Q

Humans differ from plants in a way that humans have cell membrane but plants have both cell membrane and cell wall

A
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6
Q

The powerhouse of the cell; known to generate energy in the form of ATP

A

Mitochondrion

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7
Q

The type of endoplasmic reticulum where the ribosomes are attached

A

Rough ER

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8
Q

Where lipid synthesis usually happens

A

Smooth ER

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9
Q

Where protein synthesis usually happens

A

Rough ER

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10
Q

Has enzymes that are capable of digesting foreign cells (apoptosis of microbial cells)
- immunity
- known as the suicide bag of the cell

A

Lysosomes

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11
Q

Involved in protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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12
Q

Proteins are important in maintaining homeostasis in the body. They are responsible for the different enzymes in the body. Enzymes have different functions which are important to sustain life.

A
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13
Q

Humans ribosomal units

A

80s (40s and 60s)

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14
Q

responsible for package and storage of different substances inside the cell

A

Golgi apparatus

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15
Q

Plants specialized structure for storage

A

Vacuoles

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16
Q

Microorganisms specialized structure for storage

A

Inclusions

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17
Q

The control center of the cell; it houses the chromosomes where DNA is coiled.

A

Nucleus

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18
Q

Additional protective barrier of the nucleus to protect the DNA

A

Nuclear membrane/envelope

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19
Q

1 sugar unit
- identified by the number of carbons

A

Monosaccharides/Sugar

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20
Q
  • Blood sugar, Physiologic sugar, Dextrose, Grape sugar
A

Glucose

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21
Q
  • Levulose, Fruit sugar
  • the sweetest sugar
A

Fructose

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22
Q

It is readily absorbed in the intestine

A

Galactose

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23
Q

Increased levels of galactose in the blood

A

Galactosemia

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24
Q

Sugar found in the RNA

A

Ribose

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25
Q

Sugar found in the DNA

A

Deoxyribose

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26
Q
  • Wood sugar; important diagnostic agent for intestinal malabsorption
A

Xylose

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27
Q

2 sugar units

A

Disaccharides

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28
Q

Glucose + Fructose

A

Sucrose

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29
Q

Glucose + Glucose

A

Maltose

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30
Q

Glucose + Galactose
- present in milk and other dairy products

A

Lactose

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31
Q

3 sugar units

A

Trisaccharides

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32
Q

Glu + Glu + Glu

A

Maltotriose

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33
Q

Glu + Gal + Fru

A

Raffinose

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34
Q

Glu + Glu + Fru

A

Gentianose

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35
Q

Binder, Disintegrant, or Filler in tablets

A

Starch

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36
Q

Storage form of glucose in mammals

37
Q
  • Component of plant cell wall
  • Indigestible
38
Q

Component of fungi cell wall

39
Q

Used to diagnose renal function

40
Q

An important anti-coagulant drug

41
Q

A carbohydrate that lubricates joints and acts as a cushion for joints

A

Hyaluronic acid

42
Q

Once hydrolyzed, they arrive with sugar or glucose units

A

Homoglycans

43
Q

Once hydrolyzed, will not produce glucose units only

A

Heteroglycans

44
Q

Examples of homoglycan polysaccharides

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin

45
Q

Examples of heteroglycan polysaccharides

A

Inulin
Heparin
Hyaluronic acid

46
Q

Dextro - Right
Levo - Left

47
Q

Carbon with different attachments

48
Q

Term used in the second to the last carbon
- It dictates the rotation

A

Penultimate carbon

49
Q

Structures with the same composition but different arrangements

50
Q

Two structures are mirror images of each other

A

Enantiomers

51
Q

Structures that are non-mirrored

A

Diastereomers

52
Q
  • break down
  • energy producing
  • “lysis”
A

Catabolism

53
Q
  • build up
  • energy requiring
  • genesis
54
Q

combination of anabolic and catabolic
- krebs cycle

A

Amphibolism

55
Q

It is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body

A

Metabolism

56
Q
  • Breakdown of glucose
  • Glucose to Pyruvate
A

Glycolysis

57
Q

Products of Glycolysis

A

2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATPS

58
Q
  • Formation of glucose from a noncarbohydrate source
  • Lactate, Pyruvate, Fats to Glucose
  • Liver
A

Gluconeogenesis

59
Q

Product of Gluconeogenesis

60
Q

It is a product of anaerobic reaction (in the muscles) in the body
- responsible for pain and fatigue

61
Q

From lactate to glucose to lactate

A

Cori’s Cycle

62
Q
  • Formation of Glycogen
  • Glucose to Glycogen
A

Glycogenesis

63
Q

Product of Glycogenesis

64
Q
  • Breakdown of glycogen
  • Glycogen to Glucose
A

Glycogenolysis

65
Q

Product of Glycogenolysis

66
Q

Hormones that regulate blood sugar in the body

A

Insulin
Glucagon

67
Q

Where is glucagon produced

A

Pancreas (alpha cells)

68
Q

Where is insulin produced

A

Pancreas (Beta cells)

69
Q

A hormone that transports glucose inside the cell; used to decrease blood sugar levels

70
Q

Hormone to increase blood sugar levels

71
Q

Proponent of Kreb’s Cycle

A

Hans Krebs

72
Q

Location of Krebs’ Cycle

A

Mitochondria

73
Q

Products of Krebs Cycle

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP

74
Q

The main player in Krebs Cycle

A

Acetyl CoA

75
Q

• child onset
• total destruction of beta cells
• insulin-dependent DM
• Drugs: Insulin

A

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

76
Q

• adult onset
• decrease insulin sensitivity
• insulin-independent DM
• Drugs: OHAs/ Insulin

A

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

77
Q

Deficiency of Uridyl Transferase

A

Type 1 Galactosemia

78
Q

Deficiency of Galactokinase

A

Type 2 Galactosemia

79
Q

Deficiency of Galactose Epimerase/Phosphoglucotamase

A

Type 3 Galactosemia

80
Q

Complications in Galactosema

A
  • Cataract in Eyes
  • Mental Retardation
81
Q

Hallmark / Cardinal Signs of DM

A
  • Polyphagia (excessive hunger)
  • Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
  • Polyuria (excessive urination)
82
Q

Deficiency of Lactase

A

Lactose Intolerance

83
Q

Deficiency of Glucose-6-phosphatase

A

Von Gierke’s disease

84
Q

Deficiency of Acid maltase

A

Pompe’s Disease

85
Q

Deficiency of Debranching enzyme

A

Cori’s Disease

86
Q

Deficiency of Branching Enzyme

A

Andersen’s Disease

87
Q

Deficiency of Muscle glycogen phosphorylase

A

McArdle’s Disease

88
Q

Deficiency of Liver glycogen phosphorylase

A

Her’s Disease

89
Q

Deficiency of Muscle phosphofructokinase

A

Tarui’s Disease

SEM 1 (8 decks)

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