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DG1006 - HHD1&ANATOMY > Biochem, cell biology & homeostasis > Flashcards

Biochem, cell biology & homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is this the definition of?

- smallest unit of matter

A

atom

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2
Q

What is this the definition of?

- group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions

A

organ system

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3
Q

What is this the definition of?

- What organs are made up of

A

tissue

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4
Q

What is this the definition of?

- When zooming into the tissue types, they are made up of different … types

A

cell

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5
Q

What is this the definition of?
- When you break open a cell, you have even smaller parts within that, that are almost like organs for the cell which are called …

A

organelles

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6
Q

What is this the definition of?
- When you break open the organelles into much smaller parts, for example, when you break open the nucleus you have the DNA

A

macromolecules and molecules

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7
Q

What are the 4 major elements that make life possible? (organic elements)

A
  1. oxygen
  2. carbon
  3. hydrogen
  4. nitrogen
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8
Q

What is the name given to the number of protons in an atom?

A

atomic number

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9
Q

There is usually the same amount of … as … in an atom?

A

protons and electrons

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10
Q

What is being described?

  • forms of the same atom that differ in their number of neutrons
  • are atoms of an element with normal number of protons and electrons, but different numbers of neutrons
  • have the same atomic number but different mass numbers
A

isotopes

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11
Q

What is the name given for the number of protons+neutrons in an atom?

A

mass number

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12
Q

How do you work out the number of neutrons in an atom?

A

mass number - atomic number

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13
Q

What is being described?

  • the average mass numbers of different isotopes
  • different to mass number
A

relative atomic mass number

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14
Q

Fill in the blanks
… hold molecules together (intramolecular forces) and create temporary connections (intermolecular forces) that are essential to life

A

chemical bonds

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15
Q
  1. … are the forces that hold atoms together within a molecule. (stronger than the other)
  2. …are forces that exist between molecules.
A
  1. intramolecular forces

2. intermolecular forces

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16
Q

… is a charged atom or molecule. It is charged because the number of electrons do not equal the number of protons in the atom or molecule.

A

ion

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17
Q

A positively charged ion is called a … ?

A

cation

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18
Q

A negatively charged ion is called an … ?

A

anion

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19
Q

What is being described?
- An … is a medium containing ions that is electrically conducting through the movement of ions, but not conducting electrons.

A

electrolyte

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of intramolecular forces?

A
  1. ionic bond
  2. covalent bond
  3. metallic bond
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21
Q

What are the 3 types of intermolecular forces?

A
  1. dipole-dipole interactions
  2. hydrogen bonding
  3. van der Waal forces
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22
Q

What is this the description of?

  • this bond is formed between atoms that have similar electronegativities
  • similar affinity for electrons means neither has a tendency to donate them
  • they share electrons in order to achieve octet configuration and become more stable
  • polar and non polar
A

covalent bond

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23
Q

What type of covalent bond is being described?

- formed between same atoms or atoms with very similar electronegativities

A

non-polar

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24
Q

What type of covalent bond is being described?

- formed when atoms of slightly different electronegativities share electrons

A

polar

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25
Q

What is this the description of?

  • type of covalent bonding specifically occurs between atoms of metals
  • electrons are free to move through the lattice
  • this bond is formed via the attraction of the mobile electrons and the fixed positively charged metal ions
  • are present in samples of pure elemental metals, such as gold
A

metallic bonding

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26
Q

What is this the description of?

  • these forces occur when the partially positively charged part of a molecule
  • interacts with the partially negative charged part of the neighbouring molecule
  • strongest intermolecular force of attraction
A

dipole-dipole interactions

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27
Q

What is this the description of?

  • special kind of dipole-dipole interaction, which are typically stronger than other dipole-dipole interactions
  • occurs specifically between a hydrogen atom bonded to either an oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine atom
  • plays an important role in holding nucleotide bases together in DNA and RNA
A

hydrogen bonding

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28
Q

What is this the description of?

  • these are the weakest of the intermolecular forces and exist between all types of molecules
  • the more electrons a molecule has, the stronger these forces are
A

van der Waal or London dispersion forces

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29
Q

What is defined as the body’s ‘energy currency’ ?

A

ATP

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30
Q

All of the chemical reactions that happen in a cell are known as …

A

cell metabolism

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31
Q

All of the chemical reactions that happen in the body is known as …

A

metabolism

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32
Q

What are the 4 types of chemical reactions?

A
  1. Synthesis reactions
  2. Decomposition reactions
  3. Exchange reactions
  4. Reversible reactions
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33
Q

What type of chemical reaction is being described?

  • Reactants A and B combine chemically to form a more complex molecule AB
  • AB then stores energy in its bonds
A

synthesis reactions

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34
Q

What type of chemical reaction is being described?

  • The molecule AB is chemically broken down to smaller molecules, A and B
  • In doing so, every is released
A

decomposition reactions

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35
Q

What type of chemical reaction is being described?

  • These reactions involve both synthesis and decomposition reactions
  • The reactants exchange parts to yield new chemical compounds
A

exchange reactions

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36
Q

What type of chemical reaction is being described?

  • In theory, any chemical reaction can proceed in either direction under the right conditions
  • Reactants may synthesise into a product that is later decomposed
  • Reversibility is also a quality of exchange reactions
  • This is indicated by 2 x half arrows pointing in opposite directions
A

reversible reactions

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37
Q

What is the description of?

- a series of connected chemical reactions that feed one another

A

metabolic pathway

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38
Q

What are the 2 types of metabolic pathways?

A

anabolic and catabolic

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39
Q

What type of metabolic pathway is being described?

  • build complex molecules from simpler ones
  • need an input of energy
A

anabolic

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40
Q

What type of metabolic pathway is being described?

  • involve the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones
  • release energy
A

catabolic

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41
Q

Cellular respiration is an example of …

A

catabolic pathway

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42
Q

What is the name of the process whereby energy is stored and used in the body?

A

ATP-ADP cycle

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43
Q

… is something that speeds up a chemical reaction

A

enzyme

44
Q

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction, without being a reactant is called a …

A

catalyst

45
Q

Part of the enzyme where the substrate binds is called the … (where the catalytic action happens)

A

active site

46
Q

What is being described?

  • enzyme activity may be turned up or down
  • by activator and inhibitor molecules that bing specifically to the enzyme
A

regulatory molecules

47
Q

What is being described?

- many enzymes are only active when bound to non-protein helper molecules known as …

A

cofactors

48
Q

What is being described?

- storing enzymes in specific compartments can keep them from doing damage or provide the right conditions for activity

A

compartmentalisation

49
Q

What is being described?

- key metabolic enzymes are often inhibited by the end product of the pathway they control

A

feedback inhibition

50
Q

Molecules that increase the activity of an enzyme are called …

A

activators

51
Q

Molecules that decrease the activity of an enzyme are called …

A

inhibitors

52
Q

An inhibitor may bind to an enzyme active site and block binding of the substrate, this is called …

A

competitive inhibition

53
Q

An inhibitor does not block the substrate from binding to the active site, this is called …

A

non-competitive inhibition

54
Q

What is being described?

- a non-protein chemical which is required for proteins biological activity

A

cofactor

55
Q

What is being described?

- are a subset of cofactors that are organic molecules

A

coenzymes

56
Q

… is a coenzyme for several enzymes that take part in building protein collagen (part of connective tissue)

A

vitamin c

57
Q

The enzyme that builds DNA molecules: DNA polymerase, requires … to function

A

magnesium ions

58
Q

What is this the definition of?
A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction

A

molecule

59
Q

What are DNA and RNA known as collectively?

A

nucleic acids

60
Q

What are the 4 major classes of macromolecules?

A
  • proteins
  • lipids
  • carbohydrates
  • nucleic acids
61
Q

What are the 4 major elements that make life possible?

A
  • oxygen
  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • nitrogen
62
Q

What is being described?

  • bodys main source of energy
  • 50% total energy intake should come from this
  • composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
  • quickly digested and absorbed by body
A

carbohydrates

63
Q

What is being described?
- a carbohydrate (e.g. starch, cellulose, or glycogen) whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together.

A

polysaccharide

64
Q 
What is being described?
- any of the class of sugars (e.g. glucose) that cannot be hydrolysed to give a simpler sugar.
A

monosaccharide

65
Q 
What is being described?
- any of a class of sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccharide residues.
A

disaccharide

66
Q

What are the 2 hormones involved in regulating blood sugar levels?

A

insulin and glucagon

67
Q

What is being described?

  • richest source of dietary energy, so can readily contribute to weight gain
  • provides a concentrated source of energy
  • should account for 25-35% of your total energy intake
  • composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
  • absorbed more slowly than carbohydrates
A

lipids: fats and oils

68
Q

What are the 2 types of fatty acids?

A

saturated and unsaturated

69
Q

What is being described?

  • carry the maximum number of hydrogen bonds possible (saturated with hydrogens)
  • usually solid at room temperature
  • saturated fat is composed of triglycerides in which most fatty acids are saturated
  • strongly linked to high cholesterol and increased risk of heart disease
A

saturated fatty acids

70
Q

What is being described?

  • lack hydrogen atoms and have at least 1 double bond between the carbon atoms
  • include monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids
  • are liquid at room temperature
  • unsaturated fat is composed of triglycerides in which most fatty acids are unsaturated
  • may play a role in reducing the risk of heart disease
A

unsaturated fatty acids

71
Q

What are the 2 types of unsaturated fatty acids?

A
  • monounsaturated

- polyunsaturated

72
Q

What type of unsaturated fatty acid is being described?

  • lacks 2 hydrogen atoms and has 1 double bond between carbons
  • composed of triglycerides in which most fatty acids
  • found in plant-based liquid oils
A

monounsaturated

73
Q

What type of unsaturated fatty acid is being described?

  • lacks 4 or more hydrogen atoms and has 2 or more double bond between carbons
  • composed of triglycerides in which most fatty acids are polyunsaturated
  • found in vegetable and fish oils, walnuts, sunflower seeds, soybean
A

polyunsaturated

74
Q

What are the 2 essential fatty acids that the body cannot make and must be supplied in the diet?

A
  • alpha linolenic acid (omega 3)

- linolenic acid (omega 6)

75
Q

What is being described?
- A two-layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell membrane, the hydrophobic lipid ends facing inward and the hydrophilic phosphate ends facing outward.

A

phospholipid bilayer

76
Q

What is the phospholipid bilayer made of?

A

The phospholipid bilayer consists of two layers of phospholipids,

  • a hydrophobic, or water-hating, interior
  • a hydrophilic, or water-loving, exterior
77
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A
  • energy reserve and storage
  • heat insulation
  • buoyancy
  • protection against shock
  • structural components of of cell membranes
  • biological carriers
  • precursors for many hormones and signalling molecules
  • sensory appeal of foods and stimulate appetite
78
Q

What is being described?

  • essential for growth and repair and maintenance of good health
  • forms main structural components of cells and maintains tissues and muscles
  • is the 2nd most abundant compound in the body, after water
  • composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
  • primary amino acid chains: more complex structure than carbs and lipids
A

proteins

79
Q

What are known as the building blocks of proteins?

A

amino acids

80
Q

What are the 3 groups of amino acids?

A
  1. essential
  2. conditionally essential
  3. non-essential
81
Q

What group of amino acids is being described?

- the body cannot synthesise these in sufficient amounts to meet physiological needs

A

essential amino acids

82
Q

What group of amino acids is being described?

- the body can synthesise these

A

non-essential amino acids

83
Q

What group of amino acids is being described?

- normally non-essential, but must be supplied by the diet when its needed exceeds the body’s ability to make it

A

conditionally essential amino acids

84
Q

What group of amino acids are the following?

  • histidine
  • isoleucine
  • leucine
  • methionine
  • phenylalanine
  • threonine
  • tryptophan
  • valine
  • lysine
A

essential amino acids

85
Q

What group of amino acids are the following?

  • arginine
  • asparagine
  • glutamine
  • glycine
  • proline
  • serine
  • tyrosine
A

conditionally essential amino acids

86
Q

What group of amino acids are the following?

  • alanine
  • aspartate
  • cysteine
  • glutamate
  • selenocysteine
A

non-essential amino acids

87
Q

What are the 4 levels of protein structure?

A
  1. primary protein
  2. secondary protein
  3. tertiary protein
  4. quaternary protein
88
Q

What level of protein structure is being described?

- sequence of a chain of amino acids

A

primary protein structure

89
Q

What level of protein structure is being described?

- hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern

A

secondary protein structure

90
Q

What level of protein structure is being described?

- 3D folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions

A

tertiary protein structure

91
Q

What level of protein structure is being described?

- protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain

A

quaternary protein structure

92
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A
  • growth and maintenance
  • enzymes (facilitate chemical reactions)
  • hormones (regulate body processes)
  • fluid balance
  • acid base balance
  • transportation of substances
  • antibodies
  • energy and glucose
93
Q

What is being described?

  • 2/3 of the body consists of organic molecules
  • small molecules: only a few atoms and bonds
  • usually dissolve in water
  • major kinds of inorganic molecules inside cells: water, electrolytes and gases
A

inorganic molecules

94
Q

What type of inorganic molecule is being described?

- signalling molecule eg. relaxes smooth muscle, vasodilator

A

nitric oxide

95
Q

Name 4 types of electrolytes?

A
  1. calcium
  2. sodium
  3. potassium
  4. iron
96
Q

What is the general function of electrolytes?

A
  • bone and teeth formation
  • help maintain salt/water balance
  • acid/base balance
97
Q

What type of electrolyte is being described?

  • 99% in bones as reservoir
  • role in blood clotting, hormone secretion, muscle contractions
A

calcium

98
Q

What type of electrolyte is being described?

  • main cation in extracellular fluid
  • role in acid/base balance, nerve transmission, muscle contractions
A

sodium

99
Q

What type of electrolyte is being described?

  • main cation in intracellular fluid
  • role in neurotransmission, muscle contraction, steady heartbeat
A

potassium

100
Q

What type of electrolyte is being described?

  • most of body’s … is in form of haemoglobin and myoglobin for oxygen transport and storage
  • another role is as a cofactor in enzymes
A

iron

101
Q

What are 6 functions of water?

A
  1. universal solvent - chemicals need to be dissolved in a solvent for chemical reactions
  2. chemical reactant - water molecules are directly used in some important chemical reactions
  3. ability to stabilise temperature
  4. acts as a lubricant
  5. cushioning - water protects organs
  6. transport medium - moves things around the body
102
Q

What percentage of the human body is made up of water?

A

60-65%

103
Q

Most organisms, including humans, need to maintain pH within a fairly narrow range in order to survive. For instance, human blood needs to keep its pH right around …

A

7.4

104
Q

What illness is being described?

- occurs when blood pH falls below 7.35, indicating an increase in H+ ion concentration

A

acidosis

105
Q

What illness is being described?

- occurs when blood pH rises above 7.45, indicating a reduction in H+ ion concentration

A

alkalosis

106
Q

What is being described?

  • solutions that can resist changes in pH
  • are key to maintaining stable H+ ion concentrations
  • will absorb excess H+ ions when there are too many, bringing pH back up
  • will donate some of its own H+ ions when there are too few to reduce the pH
A

buffers

107
Q

What is the name of the buffer system, important in maintaining pH in the oral cavity:
- if too many H+ ions build up, the equation will be pushed to the right, bicarbonate ions will absorb the H+ ions to form carbonic acid

  • similarly, if H+ ions concentration drops too low, the equation will be pulled to the left
  • carbonic acid will turn into bicarbonate, donating H+ ions to the solution
  • without this buffer system, the body’s pH would fluctuate enough to put survival in jeopardy
A

carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system

DG1006 - HHD1&ANATOMY (12 decks)

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