Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
A
A
nasal
2
Q
B
A
sphenoid
3
Q
C
A
ethmoid
4
Q
D
A
maxilla
5
Q
E
A
frontal
6
Q
F
A
parietal
7
Q
G
A
temporal
8
Q
H
A
zygomatic
9
Q
I
A
mandible
10
Q
A
A
lacrimal
11
Q
B
A
palatine
12
Q
C
A
occipital
13
Q
what type of joints are sutures?
A
fibrous immovable joints
14
Q
A
A
coronal suture
15
Q
B
A
sagittal suture
16
Q
A
A
squamosal suture
17
Q
A
A
lambdoid suture
18
Q
Why are bones not immovable in newborn skulls?
A
- to pass through the birth canal
- symmetrical growth of the brain
19
Q
A
20
Q
A
A
anterior fontanelle
21
Q
B
A
posterior fontanelle
22
Q
A
A
sphenoid fontanelle
23
Q
B
A
mastoid fontanelle
24
Q
What is the weakest point in the adult skull?
A
pterion
25
What is the term used to describe when sutures and fontanelles fuse prematurely?
craniosynostosis
26
What is the TMJ?
joint between the temporal and the mandible bones
27
What type of joint is the TMJ?
synovial joint
28
What is a synovial joint?
joint contained in a joint capsule, filled with synovial fluid which is needed for lubrication and therefore reduce friction
29
A
fibrous capsule
30
B
sphenomandibular ligament
31
C
stylomandibular ligament
32
D
mylohyoid groove
33
What is the metopic line?
faded suture line between the two frontal bones
34
What are the zygomatic and maxillary processes of the frontal bone?
point where the frontal bone attaches to the zygomatic and maxilla
35
A
zygomatic process
36
B
maxillary process
37
C
supra-orbital notch
38
D
superciliary arch
39
E
glabella
40
F
superior temporal line
41
G
frontal sinus
42
A
lesser wing of sphenoid bone
43
B
greater wing of sphenoid bone
44
C
sella turcica
45
D
optic groove
46
E
anterior clinoid process
47
F
posterior clinoid process
48
A
spine of sphenoid bone
49
B
pterygoid hamulus
50
C
medial pterygoid plate
51
D
lateral pterygoid plate
52
A
crista galli
53
B
cribriform plate
54
C
perpendicular plate
55
D
middle nasal concha
56
E
superior nasal concha
57
A
occipital condyle
58
B
inferior nuchal line
59
C
superior nuchal line
60
D
internal occipital crest
61
E
internal occipital protuberance
62
F
jugular process
63
G
cerebellar fossa
64
A (temporal bone)
zygomatic process
65
B (temporal bone)
squamous portion
66
C (temporal bone)
petrous portion
67
D (temporal bone)
styloid process
68
E (temporal bone)
tympanic plate
69
F (temporal bone)
external auditory meatus
70
G (temporal bone)
internal auditory meatus
71
H (temporal bone)
mandibular fossa
72
I (temporal bone)
articular tubercle
73
A
zygomatic process
74
B
frontal process
75
C
orbital surface
76
D
infraorbital groove
77
E
alveolar process
78
F
palatine process
79
G
canine fossa
80
H
maxillary sinus
81
I
anterior nasal spine
82
What bone is this?
palatine bone (right)
83
A
head of mandible
84
B
neck of mandible
85
C
ramus
86
D
body of mandible
87
E
condylar process
88
F
coronoid process
89
G
angle of mandible
90
H
mandibular notch
91
I
lingula
92
J
mylohyoid line
93
K
submandibular fossa
94
L
sublingual fossa
95
M
digastric fossa
96
N
mental spine
97
E
condylar process
98
G
angle of mandible
99
How many cranial fossae are there?
3 - anterior, middle and posterior
100
Which bones make up the anterior cranial fossa?
frontal, sphenoid and ethmoid
101
Which bones make up the middle cranial fossa?
sphenoid and temporal
102
Which bones make up the posterior cranial fossa?
temporal and occipital
103
A
anterior cranial fossa
104
B
middle cranial fossa
105
C
posterior cranial fossa
106
A
superior orbital fissure
107
A
cribriform plate
108
B
optic canal
109
C
foramen rotundum
110
D
foramen ovale
111
E
foramen spinosum
112
F
jugular foramen
113
G
internal auditory meatus
114
H
hypoglossal canal
115
I
foramen magnum
116
J
foramen lacerum
117
A
olfactory
118
B
optic
119
C
oculomotor
120
D
trochlear
121
E
trigeminal
122
F
abducens
123
G
facial
124
H
vestibulocochlear
125
I
glossopharyngeal
126
J
vagus
127
K
accessory
128
L
hypoglossal
129
1
smell
130
2
sight
131
3
special senses (touch, pain, temp), muscles of the eye
132
4
1 eye muscle
133
5
largest, sensation to the face, nasal cavity, throat, muscles of mastication (motor)
134
6
1 eye muscle
135
7
motor to muscles of the face (facial expression), taste to part of the tongue, parasympathetic (salivary glands)
136
8
hearing and balance
137
9
sensation to tongue, oral cavity
138
10
larynx, palate
139
11
muscles of the neck
140
12
muscles of the tongue
141
142
Acronym for layers of the scalp
```
S - skin
C - connective tissue (dense)
A - aponeurosis (tough connective tissue)
L - loose connective tissue
P - periosteum
```
143
A
anterior auricular
144
B
superior auricular
145
C
posterior auricular
146
D
occipital belly of occipitofrontalis
147
E
frontal belly of occipitofrontalis
148
F
aponeurosis
149
G
orbicularis oculi
150
A
corrugator supercilli
151
B
orbicularis oculi
152
A
procerus
153
B
nasalis
154
C
depressor septi nasi
155
D
orbit
156
E
levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
157
F
attachment to frontal process of maxilla
158
G
attachment to maxilla
159
A
orbicularis oris
160
B
risorius
161
C
zygomaticus major
162
D
zygomaticus minor
163
E
levator anguli oris
164
F
levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
165
G
levator labii superioris
166
H
depressor anguli oris
167
I
depressor labii inferioris
168
J
platysma
169
K
mentalis
170
L
buccinator
171
M
modiolus
172
What is the function of the orbital part of orbicularis oculi?
closes eyelid forcefully
173
What is the function of the palpebral part of orbicularis oculi?
blinking and closing eyelid gently
174
What is the function of corrugator supercilli?
draws brows medially
175
What is unique about the muscles of facial expression?
they insert onto skin and move the skin
176
What is the function of the procerus muscle?
wrinkles skin of nose and pulls eyebrows down
177
What is the function of the transverse and alar parts of the nasalis muscle?
compress and dilate nostrils
178
What is the function of the depressor septi nasi?
depresses nasal septum
179
What is the function of auricularis anterior, superior and posterior?
move the ear anterior, superior or posterior (respectively)
180
What is the function of orbicularis oris?
closes and protrudes lips, also provides bridge for the other oral muscles to connect to
181
What is the function of zygomaticus major and minor?
- raises corners of mouth superior and lateral
| - raises upper lip
182
What is the function of the risorius muscle?
retracts corner of mouth
183
What is the function of the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi?
raises upper lip and opens nostrils
184
What is the function of the levator labii superioris?
raises upper lip
185
What is the function of the levator anguli oris?
elevates angle of the mouth
186
What is the function of the depressor labii inferioris?
depresses lower lip
187
What is the function of the depressor anguli oris?
depresses corners of the mouth
188
What is the function of the platysma?
raises the skin of the neck and pulls corners of the mouth down
189
What is the function of the mentalis?
raises and protrudes lower lip
190
What is the function of the frontal belly of occipitofrontalis?
elevate eyebrows and wrinkle forehead
191
What is the function of the occipital belly of occipitofrontalis?
draw scalp back
192
What is the function of the buccinator?
presses cheeks against teeth
193
What cranial nerve supplies all muscles of facial expression?
facial nerve (CN 7)
194
A
midbrain
195
B
pons
196
C
medulla
197
What is the intracranial course of the facial nerve? (4 points to remember)
1. exits posterior cranial fossa
2. passes through the internal acoustic meatus
3. passes through the petrous part of the temporal bone
4. exits via the stylomastoid foramen
198
What is the extra cranial course for the facial nerve? (4 points to remember)
1. leaves the skull via the stylomastoid foramen
2. immediately gives off the posterior auricular branch
3. enters the parotid gland
4. divides into 5 major branches
199
What 5 branches does the motor component of the facial nerve divide in to? (to Zanzibar by motor car)
1. temporal
2. zygomatic
3. buccal
4. mandibular
5. cervical
200
What is a symptom of damage to the facial nerve and therefore paralysis of the stapedius muscle?
intolerance to loud noises
201
FACIAL NERVE - 1. What do motor neurons supply? 2. And where do those originate from?
1. muscles of facial expression
| 2. second pharyngeal arch
202
FACIAL NERVE - What special sensation does it supply and where?
taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
203
What is the parasympathetic function of the facial nerve?
salivary glands, mucous glands, lacrimal gland
204
What is the name of the branch of the facial nerve that carries special sensation and parasympathetic?
chorda tympani
205
What is bells palsy?
complete paralysis to one side of the face
206
What is the lower motor neuron part of the facial nerve?
brainstem to the face
207
What is the upper motor neuron part of the facial nerve?
brain to the brainstem
208
A
chorda tympani
209
B
lingual nerve
210
C
glossopharyngeal nerve
211
What is the difference in facial paralysis between bells palsy and a stroke?
Stroke patients will still be able to move their eyebrows, whereas patients with bells palsy will not
212
What do the external carotid artery, retromandibular vein and facial nerve and its 5 branches all travel through?
parotid gland
213
What is a parotidectomy?
removal of the tumour and parotid gland
214
What nerve supplies muscles of mastication?
trigeminal
215
What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?
V1 - ophthalmic nerve
V2 - maxillary nerve
V3 - mandibular nerve
216
A
ophthalmic nerve (v1)
217
B
maxillary nerve (v2)
218
C
mandibular nerve (v3)
219
What branch of the trigeminal nerve is responsible for motor function for muscles of mastication?
mandibular (v3)
220
A
exits from cranial cavity - superior orbital fissure
| onto the face - supra orbital notch or foramen
221
B
exits from cranial cavity - foramen rotundum
| onto the face - infraorbital foramen
222
C
exits from cranial cavity - foramen ovale
| onto the face - mental foramen
223
What is the purpose of ligaments surrounding the TMJ?
to stabilise and limit the movement
224
What is the function of the temporalis muscle?
elevates and retracts the mandible
225
What is the function of the masseter muscle?
elevates mandible
226
What is the function of the medial pterygoid muscle?
elevates and (in combination with the lateral pterygoid muscle) lateral deviation of the mandible
227
What is the function of the lateral pterygoid muscle?
protrusion and (when in combination with the medial pterygoid muscle) lateral deviation, depression of the mandible
228
A
temporalis
229
B
masseter
230
C
lateral pterygoid
231
D
medial pterygoid
232
A
lateral pterygoid plate
233
B
medial pterygoid plate
234
Where does the lateral pterygoid muscle attach to?
lateral side of the lateral pterygoid plate and runs back to the TMJ
235
Where does the medial pterygoid muscle attach to?
medial side (inside) of the lateral pterygoid plate down to the edge of mandible
236
When in combination together, what two muscles enable the mandible to move side to side due to their oblique orientation?
medial and lateral pterygoid muscles
237
A
masseter, superficial part
238
B
medial pterygoid, deep head
239
C
masseter, deep part
240
D
medial pterygoid plate
241
E
lateral pterygoid, inferior head
242
F
lateral pterygoid, superior head
243
What pharyngeal arch supplies muscles of mastication?
first pharyngeal arch
244
A
anterior belly of digastric muscle
245
B
mylohyoid muscle
246
C
hyoid bone
247
D
posterior belly of digastric muscle
248
E
stylohyoid muscle
249
What is the function of the accessory muscles of mastication - mylohyoid and anterior belly of digastric?
depress the mandible
250
What are the 8 branches of the external carotid artery? (Some Anatomists Like Freaking Out Poor Medical Students)
```
S - superior thyroid artery
A - ascending pharyngeal artery
L - lingual artery
F - facial artery
O - occipital artery
P - posterior auricular artery
M - maxillary artery
S - superficial temporal artery
```
251
Where does the superior thyroid artery supply?
thyroid
252
Where does the ascending pharyngeal artery supply?
pharynx
253
Where does the lingual artery supply?
tongue
254
Where does the facial artery supply?
face
255
Where does the occipital artery supply?
scalp
256
Where does the posterior auricular artery supply?
scalp
257
Where does the maxillary artery supply?
muscles of mastication
258
Where does the superficial temporal artery supply?
scalp
259
A
occipital artery
260
B
facial artery
261
C
lingual artery
262
D
internal carotid artery
263
E
external carotid artery
264
F
superior thyroid artery
265
G
ascending pharyngeal artery
266
H
posterior auricular artery
267
I
maxillary artery
268
J
superficial temporal artery
269
A (SALFOPMS)
superior thyroid artery
270
B (SALFOPMS)
ascending pharyngeal artery
271
C (SALFOPMS)
lingual artery
272
D (SALFOPMS)
facial artery
273
E (SALFOPMS)
occipital artery
274
F (SALFOPMS)
posterior auricular artery
275
G (SALFOPMS)
maxillary artery
276
H (SALFOPMS)
superficial temporal artery
277
I
infra-orbital artery
278
J
inferior alveolar artery
279
K
middle meningeal artery
280
Identify 3 structures that run through the parotid gland?
- retromandibular vein
- external carotid artery
- facial nerve
281
A
facial vein
282
B
internal jugular vein
283
C
external jugular vein
284
D
retromandibular vein
285
E
occipital vein
286
All muscles of the soft palate (apart from the tensor veli palatini) are supplied by what nerve?
vagus nerve
287
A
muscularis uvulae
288
B
tensor veli palatini muscle
289
C
levator veli palatini muscle
290
D
palatopharyngeus muscle
291
E
cartilage of the auditory tube
292
What is the function of the tensor veli palatini muscle?
tenses the soft palate
293
What is the function of the levator veli palatini muscle?
raises the soft palate
294
What is the function of the palatopharyngeus muscle?
elevates pharynx and larynx, depresses soft palate
295
What is the function of the palatoglossus muscle?
elevate the tongue, depress the soft palate
296
What is the function of the muscularis uvulae?
elevates and retracts the uvulae
297
What nerve supplies the tensor veli palatini muscle?
trigeminal
298
Function of V3 (mandibular) branch of trigeminal?
sensory and motor
299
Function of V1 (opthalmic) branch of trigeminal?
sensory
300
Function of V2 (maxillary) branch of trigeminal?
sensory
301
A
tensor veli palatini muscle
302
B
levator veli palatini muscle
303
C
palatopharyngeus muscle
304
D
palatoglossus muscle
305
What is the sulcus terminalis?
V shaped groove dividing anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue
306
A
sulcus terminalis
307
B
foramen caecum
308
C
epiglottis
309
D
palatine tonsil
310
E
palatoglossal arch
311
F
foliate papillae
312
G
vallate papillae
313
H
fungiform papillae
314
I
filiform papillae
315
What type of papillae do not have taste and are only for grip and abrasion?
filiform papillae, found mostly in the centre of the tongue
316
What type of papillae are the only ones that are keratinized?
filiform papillae
317
A
filiform papillae
318
B
fungiform papillae
319
C
vallate papillae
320
D
foliate papillae
321
What is the specialisation of the papillae located around the centre of the tongue?
filiform papillae - keratinised for grip and abrasion
322
What is the function of the soft palate?
elevates to close the pharyngeal isthmus during swallowing – this prevents the food from entering the nasopharynx
323
Where is the point that the oral cavity stops?
oropharyngeal isthmus
324
Where does the soft palate stop?
at the uvula
325
A
oral vestibule
326
B
palatoglossal arch
327
C
palatopharyngeal arch
328
D
oropharyngeal isthmus
329
E
frenulum
330
F
hard palate
331
G
soft palate
332
H
uvula
333
I
palatine tonsil
334
J
tongue
335
K
frenulum
336
What is the function of the epiglottis?
the epiglottis is a small, movable "lid" just above the larynx that prevents food and drink from entering your windpipe
337
What are the 4 types of tonsils?
1. adenoids
2. palatine
3. lingual
4. tubal
338
A
epiglottis
339
B
adenoid tonsils
340
C
tubal tonsils
341
D
lingual tonsils
342
A
superior longitudinal
343
B
vertical muscle
344
C
transverse muscle
345
D
inferior longitudinal muscle
346
E
palatoglossus muscle
347
F
styloglossus muscle
348
G
hypoglossus muscle
349
H
genioglossus muscle
350
What is the function of the palatoglossus muscle?
- can help to elevate the posterior part of the tongue
| - can help to depress the soft palate
351
What is the function of the styloglossus muscle?
- helps with lateral movement
| - main retractor of the tongue
352
What is the function of the hypoglossus muscle?
- helps with depression
- helps with retraction
- helps to elevate the hyoid bone
353
What is the function of the genioglossus muscle?
- main function is to protrude the tongue
| - helps with depression and deviation
354
What muscle is this description... 'runs from the soft palate to the side of the tongue and attaches round the outer edge' ?
palatoglossus
355
What muscle is this description... 'goes from the styloid process to the side of the tongue' ?
styloglossus
356
What muscle is this description... 'runs from the hyoid bone to the side of the tongue, flat muscle' ?
hyloglossus
357
What muscle is this description... 'biggest muscle of the tongue, forms the bulk of the tongue, comes from the spine of the mandible' ?
genioglossus
358
What muscle is this description... 'runs along the top and runs length ways along the tongue' ?
superior longitudinal
359
What muscle is this description 'lowest of the intrinsic muscles, runs longitudinal' ?
inferior longitudinal
360
What muscle is this description... 'runs vertical along the tongue' ?
vertical
361
What muscle is this description... 'runs across length of the tongue' ?
transverse
362
A
styloid process
363
B
palatoglossus
364
C
stylohyoid
365
D
styloglossus
366
E
hyloglossus
367
F
tongue
368
G
frenulum
369
H
mandible
370
I
genioglossus
371
J
hyoid bone
372
What nerve supplies motor to all the muscles of the tongue? (one exception)
hypoglossus (CN 12)
373
What nerve supples motor to the palatoglossus muscle?
vagus nerve (CN 10), as it is a soft palate muscle
374
What nerve supplies general sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
trigeminal (CN 5) (lingual branch) - first pharyngeal arch
375
What nerve supplies general sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
glossopharyngeal (CN 9) - third pharyngeal arch
376
What nerve supplies general sensation the most posterior part of the tongue?
vagus (CN 10) - fourth pharyngeal arch
377
What nerve supplies taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
facial (CN 7) - chorda tympani
378
What nerve supplies taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
glossopharyngeal (CN 9)
379
Where does the dorsal lingual artery supply?
posterior part of the tongue
380
Where does the deep lingual artery supply?
anterior part of the tongue
381
Where does the sublingual artery supply?
floor of the mouth and sublingual salivary gland
382
A
lingual nerve
383
B
hypoglossal nerve
384
C
submandibular duct
385
D
lingual artery
386
E
dorsal lingual artery
387
F
deep lingual artery
388
G
sublingual artery
389
What is the keratinisation status of lining epithelium?
non-keratinised
390
What is the keratinisation status of specialised epithelium?
para-keratinised
391
What is the keratinisation status of masticatory epithelium?
keratinised
392
Where is lining epithelium found?
soft palate, cheeks, floor of mouth
393
Where is specialised epithelium found?
tongue
394
Where is masticatory epithelium found?
hard palate, gingiva
395
What type of epithelium has to be tougher due to being in contact with food and therefore keratinised?
masticatory epithelium
396
Where does the trigeminal ganglion enter the brain stem?
at the level of the pons
397
PIC OF BRAINSTEM - NAME A
motor and sensory root of trigeminal
398
infra-temporal fossa
399
A
pterygopalatine fossa
400
Pterygopalatine fossa is used for what branch of trigeminal?
V2 (maxillary)
401
Infra-temporal fossa is used for what branch of trigeminal?
V3 (mandibular)
402
Cranial nerve V1 (ophthalmic) travels through which foramen?
superior orbital fissure
403
Cranial nerve V2 (maxillary) travels through which foramen?
foramen ovale
404
Cranial nerve V3 (mandibular) travels through which foramen?
foramen spinosum
405
What cranial nerves carries parasympathetic?
CN 3 - oculomotor
CN 7 - facial
CN 9 - glossopharyngeal
CN 10 - vagus
406
What is the only cranial nerve to travel round to the rest of the body?
vagus (CN 10)
407
What are the 5 branches of the facial nerve? (To Zanzibar By Motor Car)
1. temporal
2. zygomatic
3. buccal
4. mandibular
5. cervical
408
What are the 3 main branches of the ophthalmic branch V1?
- nasociliary - most medial
- lacrimal - most lateral
- frontal - in the middle/superior
409
A
ciliary ganglion
410
B
otic ganglion
411
C
pterygopalatine ganglion
412
D
submandibular ganglion
413
What is the function of the lacrimal nerve?
provides sensory innervation to the lacrimal gland for pain, inflammation etc.
414
Where does the supraorbital nerve pass through?
supraorbital notch
415
What are the branches of the frontal nerve?
1. supraorbital nerve
| 2. supratrochlear nerve
416
What is the function of the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves?
supplies sensory innervation to the upper eyelid, conductive and forehead
417
What are the branches of the nasociliary nerve?
1. ethmoidal nerve (anterior and posterior)
| 2. infratrochlear nerve
418
What is the function of the nasociliary nerve?
provides sensory perception to the cornea, eyelids, conjuctiva and mucous membranes of the nasal cavity
419
What is the function of the infratrochlear nerve?
supplies medial aspect of the eye, lacrimal duct and sac
420
What is the function of the ethmoidal nerve (anterior)?
provides sensory branches to the nasal cavity
421
What is the function of ophthalmic nerve V1?
sensory - forehead, eyeball, lacrimal glands, upper eyelids, frontal sinuses
422
What is the function of maxillary nerve V2?
sensory - maxilla, mid face, nasal cavity, palate
423
What is the function of mandibular nerve V3?
motor and sensory - muscles of mastication, anterior 2/3 of the tongue, TMJ, pain and temp mandibular teeth
424
A
anterior ethmoidal nerve
425
B
infratrochlear nerve
426
C
supratrochlear nerve
427
D
supraorbital nerve
428
E
posterior ethmoidal nerve
429
What are the direct branches of V2 (maxillary nerve)?
- meningeal
- superior alveolar nerves
- zygomatic
- infraorbital
430
Where does the meningeal branch of nerve V2 supply sensory to?
anterior half of the meninges inside the cranial cavity
431
What are the 3 types of superior alveolar nerves?
1. posterior
2. middle
3. anterior
432
What are the 2 branches of infraorbital branch of V2?
anterior and middle superior alveolar
433
Posterior superior alveolar nerve is a branch of... and where does it sit?
V2 (maxillary), in the pterygopalatine fossa
434
How do the infraorbital and zygomatic nerves (branches of V2) get into the orbit?
through the inferior orbital fissure
435
Where does the zygomatic nerve supply sensory to?
area of skin over temple and area of skin over cheek bones
436
Where does the infraorbital nerve (branch of V2) travel?
floor of the orbit in the infraorbital groove and down to the infraorbital canal and out to the infraorbital foramen
437
Where does the infraorbital nerve (branch of V2) supply sensory to?
skin over lateral aspect of nose, lower eyelid, upper lip
438
What are the branches of the infraorbital nerve (branch of V2)?
- palpebral
- nasal
- labial
439
Where does the posterior superior alveolar nerve supply sensory to?
maxillary molars - forms the superior dental plexus
440
What does the posterior, middle and anterior superior alveolar nerves in combination form?
superior dental plexus - which all contribute to sensory to upper dentition
441
What are the indirect (associated pterygopalatine ganglion) branches of V2 (maxillary nerve)?
- greater and less palatines
- nasopalatine
- lateral nasal
- pharyngeal
- orbital
442
A (nerves & branches of V2)
trigeminal ganglion
443
B (nerves and branches of V2)
maxillary nerve
444
C (nerves and branches of V2)
ophthalmic nerve
445
D (nerves and branches of V2)
middle meningeal nerve
446
E (nerves and branches of V2)
mandibular nerve
447
F (nerves and branches of V2)
foramen rotundum
448
G (nerves and branches of V2)
zygomatic nerve
449
H (nerves and branches of V2)
pterygopalatine ganglion
450
I (nerves and branches of V2)
posterior superior alveolar nerve
451
J (nerves and branches of V2)
medial superior alveolar nerve
452
K (nerves and branches of V2)
infraorbital nerve
453
L (nerves and branches of V2)
infraorbital foramen
454
M (nerves and branches of V2)
anterior superior alveolar nerve
455
Where does the posterior superior alveolar nerve branch off of and where is it?
V2 maxillary nerve and in the pterygopalatine fossa
456
Where do the anterior and middle superior alveolar nerve branch off of and where are they?
infraorbital nerve and in the infraorbital groove/canal
457
How do the greater and lesser palatine nerves get to the palate?
enter to the palatine canal
458
Where do the greater and lesser palatine nerves supply sensory to?
hard and soft palate and palatine gingiva
459
How does the nasopalatine nerve enter to the nasal cavity?
passes through the sphenopalatine foramen
460
What is the journey of the nasopalatine nerve?
passes through the sphenopalatine foramen, runs along the nasal septum then through the incisive foramen into the oral cavity
461
Where does the nasopalatine nerve supply sensory to?
gives rise to the nasal nerves that innervate the nasal skin and mucosa
462
What is the journey of the infraorbital nerve?
runs through the inferior orbital fissure, along the infraorbital groove, into the infraorbital canal then emerges on the face through the infraorbital foramen
463
What is the journey of the pharyngeal nerve?
leaves the pterygopalatine ganglion through the pharyngeal canal
464
Where does the pharyngeal nerve supply sensory to?
the nasopharynx
465
Where does the orbit branches supply sensory to?
orbit and sinuses
466
What is the journey of the orbital branches?
pass through the inferior orbital fissure
467
What is the journey of the zygomatic nerve?
the branches (zygomaticofacial & zygomaticotemporal) leave through identically named foramina in the zygomatic bone
468
Where does the zygomatic nerve supply sensory to?
to the skin of the temple and the cheek
469
Where does the meningeal nerve supply sensory to?
to the anterior half of the dura meter
470
What is the journey of the lateral nasal branches?
follow the nasopalatine nerve to the nasal cavity but then run along the lateral wall of nasal cavity
471
Where does the lateral nasal branches supply sensory to?
nasal cavity
472
What division of V3 is motor?
anterior
473
What division of V3 is sensory?
posterior
474
What are the branches of the anterior branch of V3? (one exception of long buccal nerve)
- masseteric nerve
- deep temporal nerves
- lateral pterygoid nerve
475
What are the branches of the posterior branch of V3? (one exception of nerve to mylohyoid)
- lingual nerve
- inferior alveolar nerves
- auriculotemporal nerve
476
Where does the deep temporal branches supply motor to?
temporalis
477
Where does the lateral pterygoid nerve supply motor to?
lateral pterygoid
478
Where does the masseteric nerve supply motor to?
masseter
479
Where does the buccal nerve supply sensory to?
skin over buccinator, inner surface of cheek and buccal gingiva
480
Where does the lingual nerve supply sensory to?
lingual gingiva and anterior 2/3 of the tongue
481
What is the journey of the inferior alveolar nerve?
runs through the mandible via mandibular foramen and canal
482
Where does the inferior alveolar nerve supply sensory to?
mandibular teeth and gingiva
483
Where does the auriculotemporal nerve supply sensory to?
angle of mandible, TMJ and scalp
484
Where does the nerve to mylohyoid supply motor to?
mylohyoid and anterior digastric
485
What is the journey of the mental nerve?
leaves the mandible through the mental foramen
486
Where does the mental nerve supply sensory to?
skin over the chin
487
What is the journey of the incisive nerve?
continuation of inferior alveolar nerve after mental nerve has branched
488
Where does the incisive nerve supply sensory to?
lower incisors
489
A (branches of V3)
auriculotemporal nerve
490
B (branches of V3)
chorda tympani
491
C (branches of V3)
lingual nerve
492
D (branches of V3)
incisive nerve
493
E (branches of V3)
mental nerve
494
F (branches of V3)
nerve to mylohyoid
495
G (branches of V3)
inferior alveolar nerve
496
Through which opening does the accessory nerve exit the skull?
jugular foramen
497
Which cranial nerves are responsible for the motor innervation of the tongue?
hypoglossal and vagus nerves
498
What is the definition of lateral?
away from the midline
499
What is the definition of cranial?
towards the head
500
What is the definition of caudal?
towards the tail
501
What is the definition of superficial?
surface
502
What is the definition of ventral?
front
503
Which anatomical plane divides the body into left and right?
sagittal plane
504
Which anatomical plane divides the body anterior and posterior?
coronal plane
505
Which anatomical plane divides the body into superior and inferior?
axial plane
506
Which anatomical plane divides the body at an angle?
oblique plane
507
If you have a sagittal cut straight down the midline, what is this called?
mid sagittal plane
508
What are the anatomical planes for the images?
A - sagittal
B - coronal
C - axial
509
What is the term used to describe the movement: decrease and increase in angle of joint?
flexion (bending a joint) and extension (straightening a joint)
510
What is the term used to describe the movement: away from and towards the body?
abduction (taking away from the body) and adduction (going back towards the body)
511
What is the term used to describe the movement: rotation away from and towards the body?
lateral (rotation away from) and medial rotation (towards the midline)
512
What is the term used to describe the movement: up and down
elevation (up) and depression (down)
513
What is the term used to describe the movement: pushing out and pulling in
protrusion (pushing out) and retraction (pulling in)
514
What is the term used to describe the movement: flexion from the midline to one side
lateral flexion (means away from the midline, flexion means bending)
515
Which anatomical movement is this?
abduction and adduction
516
Which anatomical movement is this?
flexion and extension
517
Which anatomical movement is this?
medial and lateral rotation
518
Which anatomical movement is this?
elevate and depress
| protrude or retract
519
Which anatomical movement is this?
lateral flexion, bending from the midline to one side
520
What are the 4 basic tissue types?
1. epithelial
2. connective
3. muscular
4. nervous
521
What tissue type is this a description of?
| - the inside and outside of organs, inside the mouth, forming the outer layers of skin, lining cavities
epithelium
522
What tissue type is this a description of?
- Tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body. Made up of cells, fibres, and a gel-like substance. Types of tissue include bone, cartilage, fat, blood, and lymphatic tissue.
connective
523
What tissue type is this a description of?
- provides signals to all tissue types
- found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities.
nerve
524
What tissue type is this a description of?
- skeletal attaches muscle to the skeleton to voluntarily move joints, cardiac muscle is specialised skeletal muscle found in the heart, smooth muscle produces involuntary movements within structures
muscular
525
What is the different between smooth muscle and skeletal muscle?
smooth muscle - generate involuntary movement
| skeletal muscle - attached to bones and allow voluntary movement of the body
526
Which type of microscope is being described?
- most common
- PRO: shows colour, beneficial when coloured stains are used to highlight tissue types
- PRO: lightweight, easy to use
- CON: less magnification and less resolution
light microscope
527
Which type of microscope is being described?
- PRO: have a higher resolution and magnification so can see in greater detail
- CON: only shows images in black and white, in order to stain heavy metals are needed which are expensive and harder to do
electron microscope
528
Name the following cells...
A) keratinocyte - protein found in skin, present anywhere where extra protection is needed, durability (roof of mouth, gums)
B) macrophage - engulf pathogens
C) neutrophil - white blood cell
D) plasma cell - makes up part of blood, type of white blood cell
E) lymphocyte - type of white blood cell
F) neuron - carries nerve impulses
G) red blood cell - carries oxygen, have no nucleus
529
What type of muscle is cardiac?
specialised skeletal muscle, specialised because it is involuntary unlike typical skeletal muscle
530
What are the 2 types of cartilage we have around the body?
1. hyaline
| 2. fibrous
531
Which type of cartilage is being described?
- lines joint surfaces
- super smooth as it is designed to be as low friction as possible due to not wanting friction between joints
hyaline cartilage
532
Which type of cartilage is being described?
- lies between joints
- tougher, more durable, more friction
- striated, less smooth, more stringy
- when hyaline cartilage is produced, replaced with this type of cartilage which produces more friction therefore more wear and tear
fibrous cartilage
533
What type of cartilage is shown on the image?
hyaline cartilage
534
What type of cartilage is shown on the image?
fibrous cartilage
535
What type of muscle are shown?
A) skeletal
B) smooth
C) cardiac
536
What muscle does the following description of appearance apply to?
- two layers
- involuntary
- lines things like the gut, oesophagus, smooth looking, not irregularly patterned
smooth muscle
537
What muscle does the following description of appearance apply to?
- very regular
- parallel bundles
- striated muscle, crucial to functionality
skeletal muscle
538
What muscle does the following description of appearance apply to?
- involuntary
- striated, dark lines between muscle lines are called intercalated discs (unique to this type of muscle) connections between monocytes to know when each other is contracting
cardiac muscle
539
What are the 4 types of epithelium?
1. Simple
2. Stratified
3. Pseudostratified
4. Transitional
540
What type of epithelium is this the function of?
- a single layer of cells is good for absorption and secretion, only one layer to go through to make passage easier between layers, smooth surface. found in areas like inside lining of blood vessels due to low risk of obstruction or friction
simple squamous
541
What type of epithelium is this the function of?
| - single layer but for absorption in the GI tract, intestines
simple cuboidal
542
What type of epithelium is this the function of?
- found in areas where we need absorption and secretion and extra protection, like stomach, we have to secrete mucous but also need protection back against acids so we have columnar cells separating the wall from the edge of the epithelium
simple columnar
543
What type of epithelium is this the function of?
- durability and protection, most common to come across, any area that has something passing through it that needs protecting
stratified squamous
544
What type of epithelium is this the function of?
| - more protection, less common, have absorption and secretive properties
stratified cuboidal and columnar
545
What type of epithelium is found in these areas?
| - respiratory, neck, cilia
pseudostratified
546
Which cranial nerve does the cribriform plate transmit?
olfactory
547
A patient who has a base of skull fracture, can have a constant leaking of watered down blood coming through the nasal cavity, what is this liquid likely to be?
CSF
548
What structures separate the nasal and oral cavity?
- maxilla
- palatine bone
- soft palate
549
Where does the soft palate terminate?
at the uvula
550
Which nerve travels through the incisive canal?
nasopalatine nerve
551
What bones make up the roof of the nasal cavity?
- nasal
- frontal
- ethmoid
- sphenoid
552
What bones make up the floor of the nasal cavity?
- palatine bones (palatine process of maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bones)
553
What structures make up the medial wall of the nasal cavity?
- septal cartilage
- ethmoid
- vomer
554
What is the function of the nasal cavity?
it is the entrance to the airway, its role is to warm and humidify the air
555
The majority of the nasal cavity is lined with what type of epithelium?
respiratory epithelium
556
What type of epithelium is respiratory epithelium?
pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
557
A small part of the nasal cavity is lined with what type of epithelium?
keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
558
What part of the nasal cavity is there keratinised stratified squamous epithelium?
the opening of the nasal cavity, nostrils
559
What is the line highlighted marking?
where keratinised stratified squamous epithelium becomes respiratory epithelium
560
On the lateral wall, there are 4 channels for air, what are they?
1. superior nasal meatus - under the superior concha
2. middle nasal meatus - under the middle concha
3. inferior nasal meatus - under the inferior concha
4. spheno-ethnmoidal recess - above the superior concha
561
What are the names of the 4 paranasal sinuses on each side?
- frontal
- ethmoid
- maxillary
- sphenoid
562
What type of epithelium are the 4 paranasal sinuses lined with?
respiratory epithelium
563
Which cranial nerve are the paranasal sinuses innervated by?
trigeminal nerve
564
Which paranasal sinus is the last to form?
frontal
565
What type of paranasal sinus is being described?
- lie above the orbit within the frontal bone
- last sinus to pneumatise (means to form, bone gets replaced with empty space)
frontal
566
The drainage process of which paranasal sinus is being described?
- drains into the lateral wall of the middle meatus via the frontonasal duct that continues down the ethmoidal infundibulum and the hiatus semilunaris and down the oesophagus
frontal sinus
567
Which nerve innervates the frontal sinus?
supraorbital nerve (branch of V1 ophthalmic)
568
What type of paranasal sinus is being described?
- lies in ethmoid bone
- made up of 3-18 irregularly shaped air cells
- give the bone a honeycomb appearance
- can be subdivided into anterior, middle and posterior
ethmoid
569
The drainage process of which paranasal sinus is being described?
- anterior cells open into the frontonasal duct - middle meatus
- middle cells open onto the ethmoidal bulla - middle meatus
- posterior cells open onto the lateral wall of the superior meatus
ethmoid
570
What is being described?
- forms the posterior and superior walls of the ethmoid infundibulum and hiatus semilunaris.
- is the largest anterior ethmoid air cell. It is also one of the most consistent air cells in the middle meatus
ethmoidal bulla
571
What type of paranasal sinus is being described?
- posterior to nasal cavity
- sphenoid bone holds the pituitary gland behind the sinus
sphenoid
572
the drainage process of what paranasal sinus is being described?
- drains into the spheno-ethmoidal recess
sphenoid
573
What nerves supply innervation to the sphenoid and ethmoidal sinuses?
anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerve, branch of nasociliary
574
Which paranasal sinus is being described?
- inferior to the nasal cavity
- largest of the sinuses
- contains the superior alveolar nerves
maxillary
575
The drainage process of which paranasal sinus is being described?
- drains into the middle meatus
maxillary
576
Which nerve supplies innervation to the maxillary sinus?
superior alveolar nerve
577
What are the 3 main functions of the sinuses?
1. reduce weight
2. equalise pressure
3. mucous production to trap pathogens
578
What sinus is most commonly infected and why?
maxillary - due to drainage system not making sense - opening at the top
579
What is a blowout fracture and what happens?
Refers to fractures around the orbit, but most commonly an inferior fracture of the maxilla (the floor) making the eyes sink into the maxillary sinus
580
What are the 3 layers the eye can be divided into?
fibrous
vascular
inner
581
What part of the eye is responsible for focusing light rays into the retina?
the lens
582
What does the fibrous layer of the eye consist of?
sclera
| cornea
583
What does the vascular layer of the eye consist of?
ciliary body
choroid
iris
584
What does the inner layer of the eye consist of?
neural layer/retina
585
What part of the eye is being described?
| white of the eye, supporting wall of the eyeball, helps maintain the eye shape and protects it from injury
sclera
586
What part of the eye is being described?
| clear part of the eye, the outer covering
cornea
587
What part of the eye is being described?
| moves the lens of the eye, extension of the iris
ciliary body
588
What part of the eye is being described?
| focuses light rays into the retina
lens
589
What part of the eye is being described?
| vascular layer of tissue that surrounds the eye
choroid
590
What part of the eye is being described?
| coloured part of the eye, muscular part that moves
iris
591
What part of the eye is being described?
| picks up the image coming in via light, transfers to the optic nerve to the brain
retina
592
What are the 3 fluid filled chambers of the eye?
anterior
posterior
vitreous
593
What muscle is responsible for dilating the pupil?
dilator pupillae muscle
594
What muscle is responsible for constricting the pupil?
sphincter pupillae muscle
595
Which cranial nerve innervates sphincter papillae muscle?
oculomotor
596
What is responsible for controlling the dilator pupillae muscle?
sympathetic nervous system
597
What is the term used for the blind spot of the eye and also where the main artery and nerve enters the eye?
the optic disc
598
What is the term used for the point of clearest vision and focus in the eye?
macula and fovea
599
What does the eye muscle superior rectus do?
makes the eye look up
600
What does the eye muscle inferior rectus do?
makes the eye look down
601
What does the eye muscle medial rectus do?
makes the eye look into the midline
602
What does the eye muscle lateral rectus do?
makes the eye look out
603
What does the eye muscle levator palpebrae superioris do?
opens the eye, attaches to the skin of the eyelid
604
What does the eye muscle superior oblique do?
rotates the eye, extorsion, also looks up and out
605
What does the eye muscle inferior oblique do?
rotates the eye, intorsion, also looks down and out
606
What cranial nerve innervates the following eye muscles?
- levator palpebrae superioris
- superior rectus
- inferior rectus
- medial rectus
- inferior oblique
oculomotor
607
What cranial nerve innervates the following eye muscle?
| - superior oblique
trochlear
608
What cranial nerve innervates the following eye muscle?
| - lateral rectus
abducens
609
What is the term used for infection of the outer ear?
otitis externus
610
What is the anatomical reason for children getting a lot of ear infections?
due to the pharyngotympanic tube in children being shorter and at a more horizontal position therefore not being able to drain as easily
611
When a severe middle ear infection is left in a child and erodes through bone, what illness can then develop?
meningitis
612
A patient with bells palsy will also suffer from an intolerance to loud noises. Why is this?
Due to the stapedius muscle which dampens loud noises being innervated by the facial nerve
613
Round window is the membrane that connects the middle ear with the lower half of the cochlea. What is its function?
its function is to aid fluid motion within the cochlea and serve to equalize the hydraulic pressure. To avoid pressure build up
614
What is the function of the vestibular system in the ear?
provides the sense of balance and information about body position which allows compensatory movements
615
Which cranial nerve supplies innervation to the vestibular system?
vestibulocochlear nerve
616
What is the function of the utricle and saccule in the ear?
important role in orientation and balance
617
Which nerve innervates the utricle and saccule of the ear?
superior vestibular nerve
618
Which cranial nerve is responsible for hearing?
vestibulocochlear nerve
619
Which cranial nerve is responsible for sight?
optic nerve
620
The causation of which illness is being described? arises because of asymmetry in the vestibular system due to damage to or dysfunction of the labyrinth, vestibular nerve, or central vestibular structures in the brainstem or cerebellum
vertigo
621
What structure is being described?
passageway leading from the oral and nasal cavities in the head to the oesophagus. serves both respiratory and digestive functions
pharynx
622
What are the 3 parts the pharynx can be divided into?
nasopharynx - upper
oropharynx - middle
laryngopharynx - lower
623
Which vertebral level does the pharynx start?
C0 / base of skull
624
Which vertebral level does the pharynx stop and become the oesophagus?
C6
625
What epithelium lines the nasopharynx?
respiratory epithelium
626
What epithelium lines the oropharynx?
stratified squamous epithelium
627
What epithelium lines the laryngopharynx?
stratified squamous epithelium
628
What is the purpose of constrictor muscles in the pharynx?
to constrict and dilate the pharynx to push food down
629
What is being described?
the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the pharynx, creating wave-like movements that push the contents of the canal forward
peristalsis
630
What is the purpose of longitudinal muscles in the pharynx?
to shorten and elevate the pharynx, making it more efficient for swallowing
631
Are the following muscles of the pharynx constrictors or longitudinal muscles?
superior constrictor
middle constrictor
inferior constrictor
constrictors
632
Are the following muscles of the pharynx constrictors or longitudinal?
stylopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus
palatopharyngeus
longitudinal
633
What is being described?
also known as the pterygomandibular ligament, is a fibrous band of the buccopharyngeal fascia extending from the hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate to the mylohyoid ridge of the mandible
pterygomandibular raphe
634
What is being described?
the common meeting point of the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle and the buccinator muscle. It holds them together, forming part of the mouth.
pterygomandibular raphe
635
What 2 muscles does the pterygomandibular raphe divide?
superior constrictor from the buccinator
| landmark to indicate end of the oral cavity muscle and start of the pharyngeal muscle
636
Which muscle of the pharynx comes from the soft palate to the pharynx?
palatopharyngeus
637
Which muscle of the pharynx comes from the styloid process to the pharynx?
stylopharyngeus
638
Which muscle of the pharynx comes from the pharyngotympanic tube to the pharynx?
salpingopharyngeus
639
What is the primary function of the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?
elevate the pharynx for swallowing
640
Which nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle of the pharynx?
glossopharyngeal nerve
641
Which nerve innervates the nasopharynx?
trigeminal
642
Which nerve innervates the oropharynx?
glossopharyngeal
643
Which nerve innervates the laryngopharynx?
vagus
644
Which nerve supplies motor innervation to all muscles of the pharynx apart from the stylopharyngeus?
vagus nerve
645
What are the 3 phases of swallowing?
oral phase
pharyngeal phase
oesophageal phase
646
Out of the 3 phases of swallowing; oral, pharyngeal and oesophageal, what is the only phase that is voluntary?
oral phase
647
What nerve innervates sensory of swallowing/gag reflex?
glossopharyngeal
648
What nerve innervates motor of swallowing/gag reflex?
vagus
649
What structure is being described?
| part of the upper respiratory tract, continuous inferiorly with trachea, anterior to laryngopharynx
larynx
650
The function of what structure is being described?
| involved in sound production, respiration, prevents foreign bodies entering the lungs
larynx
651
What structure is being described?
- connects middle ear to nasopharynx
- bony 1/3 and cartilaginous 2/3
- posterior to ovale and spinosum
- equalises pressure
- drainage
pharyngotympanic tube
652
The larynx is composed of 3 unpaired and 3 paired cartilages.
What are the 3 paired cartilages?
thyroid
cricoid
epiglottis
653
The larynx is composed of 3 paired and 3 unpaired cartilages. What are the 3 unpaired cartilages?
arytenoid
corniculate
cuneiform
654
What type of cartilage in the larynx is being described?
- largest unpaired laryngeal cartilage
- fuse anteriorly at laryngeal prominence
- oblique line: attachment of extrinsic muscles of the larynx
thyroid
655
What type of cartilage in the larynx is being described?
- most inferior unpaired cartilage
- superior articulation with arytenoid
cricoid
656
What type of cartilage in the larynx is being described?
- thyroid cartilage anteriorly
- arytenoid cartilages laterally
epiglottis
657
What type of cartilage in the larynx is being described?
- sit on superior aspect of cricoid cartilage
base: articulates with cricoid cartilage
apex: supports aryepiglottic fold
- has 2 processes: vocal and muscular
arytenoids
658
What is the only muscle which opens the vocal chords?
posterior cricoarytenoid
659
Damage to what muscle of the larynx can cause obstruction of the airway, wheezing?
posterior cricoarytenoid
660
Damage to what nerve of the larynx can cause difficulty talking, breathing?
recurrent laryngeal nerve (brach of vagus)
661
What nerve provides innervation to the larynx?
vagus nerve
662
Which membrane lies between the hyoid and thyroid?
thryohyoid membrane
663
Which nerve provides motor innervation to the cricothyroid muscle of the larynx?
external laryngeal nerve
664
Which branch of the vagus nerve supplies motor innervation to the larynx?
recurrent laryngeal nerve
665
Which branches of the vagus nerve supplies sensory innervation to the larynx?
above vocal chords - internal laryngeal nerve
| below vocal chords - recurrent laryngeal nerve
666
What movement do the fibres of the upper trapezius muscle do?
elevate the scapula (shoulder blade)
667
What movement do the middle fibres of the trapezius muscle do?
retract the scapula (shoulder blade)
668
What movement do the lower fibres of the trapezius muscle do?
depress the scapula (shoulder blades)
669
What nerve supplies motor to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles?
accessory nerve
670
What movements does the sternocleidomastoid do?
turns the head to either side
right muscle turns the head to the left
left muscle turns the head to the right
671
Name the muscle shown
sternocleidomastoid
672
What is a method to test the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the accessory nerve (CN 11)?
put hand on their chin and ask them to turn their head against resistance
673
What is a method to test the trapezius muscle and the accessory nerve (CN11)?
shrug shoulders
674
What are the 4 suprahyoid muscles?
stylohyoid
digastric
mylohyoid
geniohyoid
675
What are the 4 infrahyoid muscles?
omohyoid
sternohyoid
sternothyroid
thyrohyoid
676
What is meant by the term 'raphe'?
the seamlike union of the two lateral halves of a part or organ
677
What movements do the suprahyoid muscles contribute to?
depress the mandible
| elevate the hyoid bone
678
What movements do the infrahyoid muscles contribute to? (apart from the sternothyroid muscle)
depress the hyoid bone
679
What movements does the sternothyroid muscles contribute to?
depresses thyroid cartilage to help move the larynx down
680
What movements does the thyrohyoid muscles contribute to?
elevates the thyroid cartilage and the larynx
681
What are the 4 anterior triangles of the neck?
1. submental
2. submandibular
3. carotid
4. muscular
682
What are the 2 posterior triangles of the neck?
1. occipital
| 2. supraclavicular
683
Name the muscle A
digastric anterior and posterior belly
684
Name the muscle A
omohyoid muscle
685
What muscle splits the anterior from the posterior triangles of the neck?
sternocleidomastoid muscle
686
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
687
How many cervical nerves are there?
8
688
Which 5 nerves supply sensory innervation to the neck?
```
lesser occipital
great auricular
transverse cervical
supraclavicular
greater occipital
```
689
Which nerves supply motor innervation to the neck?
ansa cervicalis
690
Where does the phrenic nerve supply sensory and motor innervation to?
diaphragm
691
What nerve supplies the geniohyoid muscle?
C1 spinal
692
What nerve supplies the mylohyoid and anterior digastric muscles?
V3 branch of trigeminal
693
Which nerve supplies the posterior digastric and stylohyoid muscles?
facial nerve
694
Which nerve supplies the thyrohyoid muscle?
C1 spinal
695
Which nerve supplies the sternohyoid, sternothyroid and omohyoid muscles?
ansa cervicalis
696
Which fascia of the neck is being described?
| - encloses the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius, splits to enclose parotid
investing layer
697
Which fascia is being described?
- encloses the vascular region of the neck
- runs from base of the skull to first rib
carotid sheath
698
Which fascia is being described?
| - encloses the visceral region of the neck (thyroid gland, oesophagus, pharynx, larynx)
pretracheal fascia
699
Which fascia is being described?
| - encloses vertebral region of the neck
prevertebral fascia
700
What is being described?
thin casing of connective tissue that surrounds and holds every organ, blood vessel, bone, nerve fiber and muscle in place. The tissue does more than provide internal structure;
fascia
701
What are the 2 ligaments that strengthen the TMJ and limit movement to prevent sliding too far forward and reduce injury?
sphenomandibular and stylomandibular ligament
702
The TMJ is a joint between which 2 bones?
temporal and mandible
703
What type of tissue attaches to the anterior and posterior crinoid processes of the sphenoid bone?
sheets of connective tissue that covers the cranial cavity and the hemispheres of the brain
704
What bone does the optic chasm run through?
sphenoid bone
705
What bony feature of the sphenoid bone is palpebral from the inside of the oral cavity?
the hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate
706
What are the condyles of the occipital bone attachment for?
the first cervical vertebrae (Atlanto-occipital joint)
707
What bony feature of the temporal bone is the inner ear, ear canal, vestibular system for balance and hearing held?
petrous part, due to its irregular shape to hold the above structures
708
What bony feature of the temporal bone is the opening of the ear canal?
tympanic plate
709
What bony feature is being described?
| forms the superior articular part of the temporomandibular joint and lodges the condyle of mandible
mandibular fossa
710
What is the defining line between the middle and posterior cranial fossae?
petrous portion of the temporal bone
711
Which important artery runs through the pterion?
middle meningeal artery
712
Impact to the pterion and therefore a rupture to the middle meningeal artery can cause a serious bleed called a ...?
epidural haemorrhage which can be life threatening if not treated rapidly
713
What structure is being described?
... sinuses are also paired sinuses known for their S-shape sinus found in the base of the cranial fossa posteriorly. Left and right ... sinuses collectively drain venous blood into the internal jugular vein, which exits at the jugular foramen
sigmoid sinus
714
Which cranial nerve runs through the cribriform plate?
olfactory
715
What leaves base of the skull to the neck through foramen magnum?
spinal cord
716
Obstruction to the jugular foramen due to tumours, trauma, infection etc. can result in dysphasia (problems swallowing), soft palate dropping, loss of sensory function from posterior 1/3 of the tongue etc. What is this syndrome called?
Vernets syndrome
717
Where does the facial enter and exit the cranial cavity?
enters via internal acoustic meatus
| exits via stylomastoid foramen
718
Which gland does the facial nerve originate from before it branches off?
parotid gland
719
What 3 main structures travel through the parotid gland?
1. facial nerve and its 5 branches
2. retromandibular vein
3. external carotid artery
720
What is the function of the articular tubercle of the TMJ?
limits movement to prevent mandible moving too far forward and dislocating
721
What muscles form the 'mandibular sling' (a ring of muscle) around the mandible?
medial pterygoid muscle and the masseter muscle
722
What artery supplies structures inside the cranial cavity?
internal carotid artery
723
What artery supplies structures external of the cranial cavity?
external carotid artery
724
Which branch of external carotid artery supplies muscles of mastication?
maxillary artery
725
What are the 2 terminal branches of the external carotid artery?
superficial temporal and maxillary arteries
726
The union of the superficial temporal vein and the maxillary vein, descending from the parotid gland also with the facial nerve is called the...?
retromandibular vein
727
What part of the brainstem is the motor and sensory root of trigeminal?
pons
