Biochem Flashcards
pentose sugar
ribose
ketose sugar
fructose
aldose sugars
ribose and glucose
alpha 1-4 bond?
Maltose
Alpha 1-2 and Beta 1-2 bond?
sucrose
Beta 1-4 bond
Lactose
arachidonic acid # of carbons:double bonds
20:4
Linolenic # of carbons:double bonds
18:3
Linoleic # of carbons:double bonds
18:2
Eicosaptaenoic Acid
20:5
converts cholesterol into bile
liver
emulsifies fat
bile
fat+bile=
mixed micelle
allosteric enzyme for cholesterol
HMG CoA Reductase
highest % TG
chylomicron
transports dietary lipids to body
Chylomicron
lipids from liver to body
vLDL
lowest % lippoproteins
VLDL
highest % cholesterol
LDL
removes excess cholesterol from blood
HDL
Lecithin cholesterol transferace (LCAT)
important enzyme for HDL
Beta Oxidation
- function
- location
- produces
- final piece?
- requires?
- cuts FA chain, two carbons, at a time to make Acetyl CoA
- Mitochondria
- 1 Acetyl CoA, reduces 1 FAD to FADH2, and 1 NAD to NADH
- final piece is 3 carbons long
- carnitine
Ketogenesis
- forms
- increases in
- ketone products byproducts of beta-oxation
2. fasting, low carb diet, Diabetes mellitus, 3rd trimester pregnancy
ketone bodies
acetoacetate,
acetone
hydroxybutryrate
what is the primary substrate for lipogenesis?
acetyle CoA
Lipogenesis
- location
- produces
- intermediate
- required
- cytoplasm
- Fatty acids, 2 carbons at a time
- Malonyl CoA
- Acetyl CoA, CO2 & NADH
what stimulates lipogenesis?
ATP & insulin
what inhibits lipogenesis
Epi and glucagon
transfers a phosphate
Kinase
Kreb’s cycle location
Mitochondria
ETC Location
Inner Mitochondira
Ketogenic AA
Leucine
PVT. Tim Hall
essential AAs
Phenylalinine, Valine, Tryptophan,Threonine, Isoleucine, Methioninine, Histidine(Arginine),Leucine, Lysine
Semi essential AAs
Histidine, Arginine
Aromatic ring AAs
Phenylalanine, tryptophan, Tyrosine
AA that can help with depression
tyrosine
Basic AAs have a _____ charge at a neutral pH
positive
HAL
Basic AAs
Hall is a Basic kind of guy
Histidine, Arginine,Lysine
STAG
Neutral
Serine, Threonine, Asparagine, Glutamine
Methionine, Cysteine
Sulfer containing AA
Not Glucogenic
Leucine and Lysine
LIV
Branch chain AA
Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine
Acidic AAs
glutamate
Aspartate
aliphatic “chain”
Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine,Isoleucine
less hydrophilic to more hydrophilic
Urea cycle takes place primary in the
Liver
lack in grains
lysine, threonine and tryptophan
____ is carried to the urea cycle by ______
ammonia, glutamate
what AA donate Nitrogen for purines and pyridines?
Glutamine, Aspartate & Asparagine
Muscle is able to oxidize what AAs?
GAL VIA
Glutamate, Aspartate, Leucine, Valine, Isoleucine, Asparagine
AA by products from exercise
Ammonia
by product from glucose and excerise
lactate
ammonia+lactate=
alanine
glucose-alanine cycle
AKAs
ammonia becomes urea and lactate becomes glucose in the liver
cori cycle
lactic acid cycle
requires ATP and MG and rids body of toxic Ammonia
Urea cycle
enyzyme for Urea Cycle
carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
Farco, GA
intermediates for Urea cycle
Fumarate, ARginine, citrulline, ornithine, glutamate, aspartate
number and sequence of AAs that determines the structure
primary structure
alpha helix and beta pleated sheet… aka “beta bend”
secondary structure
protein is maximally folded for function
tertiary structure
more than 1 chain of protein is called a ____ struture
quaternary structure eg hemoglobin has 4 chains
lack of this vitamin causes Beri Beri
B1/Thiamine
Lack of this vitamin causes “Magenta tongue”
cheilosis, angular stomatitis, blurred vision
B2/Riboflavin
cause of pellagra
lack of vitamin B3/Niacin
4 Ds of Pellagra
diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death
lack of vitamin causes Burning feet (rare)
B5/Pantothenic acid
water soluble but can be toxic
B6/Pyridoxine
lack of this vitamin can lead to megaloblastic anemia as well an neural tube defects
folic acid B9
reticulo cytosis is associated with
B9 and B12:=
“macrocytic anemia”
mylinates nerves
B12
hydrologic acid is a
muccopolysaccharide
biotin is used for carboxylation during
gluconeogenesis
polypeptide hormone
insulin
strict vegetarians lack ____ in their diet
cobalamin
DNA bases are held together via ______ bonds
esther
precursor for carbon used in glucose
glycine
product of demineralization of methionine
homocysteine
phenylalanine turned into ____ via the enzyme ______
tyrosine
phenylalanine hydroxylase.
monoamine Neurotransmitters
dopamine
EPI
Norepi
melanin-skin pigment
decarboxylation of acetoacetate leads to
acetone (not acetate)
Niacin is made up of
NADH and NADPH
boards
suck
what is the cause of PKU or phenylketonuria?
Lack of enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (turn phenylalanine to tyrosine
lack of B12 results in lack of
glycine
contains copper
cytochrome A3
cystine is made of 2 molecules of
cysteine
Start codon is usually made up of
methionine
what aa begins translation?
methionine Start codon
phenylalanine can be converted into what other AA
Tyrosine
what is the precursor for L-dopa,EPI, NorEPI and melanin?
tyrosine
precursor for niacin and serotonin
tryptophan
NAD and NADP reduced
NADH and NADPH
precursor AA for histamine?
histidine
enzyme responsible for peptide bonds between adjacent AA
Peptidyl transerfase
folding of single polypeptide
tertiary structure
multiple polypeptides are resemble the ____ structure
quaternary
Holds O2 in muscle
myoglobin
of polypeptides in hemoglobin
4
Allows hemoglobin To dump O2 in muscle
Bohr effect
increase in CO2 and decrease in pH from lactic acid
makes it easier for Hemoglobin to release O2 into muscle
low km
high affinity for enzyme
High km
low affinity for enzyme
add or remove phosphate
transferases (kinase)
removes h
dehydrogenase
carboxylase
Liase add CO2
rate limiting enzyme in FA synthesis
acetyl CoA carboxylase
acetyle-CoA + CO2=
malonyl COA (RLS of FA snyth)
RLS of gluconeogenesis
pyruvate +CO2=oxaloacetate
RL enzyme of gluconeogenesis
pyruvate carboxylase
nitrogen from muscle is transported to liver via
alanine
apartate transaminase (AST) aka
Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase GOT
what enzyme is tested for CA
AST
converts AA to alpha ketoacid
aminotransferase
