Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHARMACOLOGY > Biochem > Flashcards

Biochem Flashcards

1
Q

No Nucleus definite nucleus; DNA
present but not separate
from the rest of the cell

A

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

No Mitochondria; enzymes for
oxidation are on plasma
membrane

A

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

No Endoplasmic
reticulum

A

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

No chloroplasts; photosynthesis
localized in chromatophores

A

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Present (70s): 50s & 30s

A

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Present (80s)
60s & 40s

A

Eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Both present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Two great classes of organisms

A
  1. Prokaryotes
  2. Eukaryotes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

– to understand life in molecular terms.

  • It seeks to describe the structure,
    organization, and functions of living
    matter in molecular terms.
A

BIOCHEMISTRY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Parts of The Prokaryotic Cell

A
  • Plasma
    membrane
  • Cell wall
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cytosol
    – Structures and
    genetic information
    in the form of one
    or more DNA are
    suspended in it
  • Ribosomes
    – Molecular
    machinery for
    protein synthesis
  • Pili
    – Aid in attaching the
    organism to other
    cells or surfaces
  • Flagella
    – Enable cells to swim
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

– Structures and
genetic information
in the form of one
or more DNA are
suspended in it

A

Cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

– Aid in attaching the
organism to other
cells or surfaces

A
  • Pili
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

– Molecular
machinery for
protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

– Enable cells to swim

A
  • Flagella
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

composed of
two layers of
phospholipid
molecules
interspersed
with cholesterol
and proteins

A

The Eukaryotic Cell

Plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Membranesurrounded
structures lying
within the
surrounding
cytoplasm

A

The Eukaryotic Cell

Organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  • Forms closed
    compartments
    around cellular
    protoplasm to
    separate one cell
    from another
  • Has selective
    permeabilities and
    acts as a protective
    barrier to the
    uncontrolled flow
    of water
A

The PLASMA MEMBRANE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The PLASMA MEMBRANE
The selective permeabilities for ions
and substrates are provided by:

A

– transporters and
– ion channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Specific proteins involved in facilitated
diffusion and active transport

A

TRANSPORTERS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
  • carrier is exposed to high
    concentrations of solute, and molecules
    of solute bind to specific sites
  • binding induces conformational
    change
A

“PING” STATE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
  • the conformational change exposes
    the carrier to lower concentration of
    solute
A

“PONG” STATE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

– Moves one type of molecule
bidirectionally

A

UNIPORT SYSTEM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

– Moves two solutes in the same direction

A

SYMPORT SYSTEM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

– Moves two molecules in opposite
directions (Na+ in, Ca++ out)

A

ANTIPORT SYSTEM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q
  • Transmembrane
    proteins that allow the
    entry of various ions
  • Very selective
    – Permitting the passage
    of only one type of ion
  • Activity is controlled by
    neurotransmitters
A

Ion channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

–A specific molecule binds to a receptor
and opens the channel

A
  • LIGAND-GATED
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

– Open (or close) in response to changes
in the membrane potential

A
  • VOLTAGE-GATED
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

–Respond to mechanical stimuli
(pressure, touch)

A
  • MECHANICALLY-GATED
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The PLASMA MEMBRANE

  • Exchanges material with the
    extracellular environment by
  • Plays key roles
A

exocytosis and endocytosis

  • cell-cell
    interactions and in transmembrane
    signalling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q
  • mutation in the gene encoding LDL receptor
A

– Familial hypercholesterolemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q
  • mutation in the gene encoding the CFTR protein, a Cltransporte
A

– Cystic fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q
  • mutation in the gene encoding a copper-dependent
    ATPase
    (Note: Refer to table 40-7 for other diseases)
A

– Wilson disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

PHOSPHOLIPID

Tails - block large water-soluble molecules from
passing through the membrane while
permitting fat-soluble molecules, including
medications such as tranquilizers and
sleeping pills, to freely cross the membrane

A

hydrophobic or water hating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

PHOSPHOLIPID

Head - anchor the membrane to the cytoplasm the
watery fluid inside the cell, and also to the
water surrounding the cell.

A

– hydrophilic or water loving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The bilayer contains
both hydrophobic and
hydrophilic regions and
so are termed
“AMPHIPATHIC”
* Saturated fatty acids
have straight tails
whereas unsaturated
fatty acids make kinked
tails
* More kinks in the tail,
the membrane becomes
less tightly packed and therefore more fluid

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Proteins in PLASMA MEMBRANE

Major functional molecules
consist of;

A
  • Major functional molecules
    consist of;
    – Enzymes
    – Pumps and channels
    – Structural components
    – Antigens
    – Receptors
  • Over 100 different types
  • Carry out a variety of
    functions, including
    transport of large water
    soluble molecules such as
    sugars and certain amino
    acids.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q
  • Proteins bonded to
    carbohydrates
  • Important integral
    membrane proteins, where they play a role in ———
A

Glycoproteins

  • cell-cell interactions
    – Enabling the immune system to detect foreign
    cells, such as invading bacteria, which carry
    different glycoproteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q
  • Special areas of membrane structures
    through which adjacent cells exchange
    material
  • Enable small molecules such as oxygen to
    diffuse readily into and out of the cell
  • The steady stream of oxygen into the cell
    enables it to carry out aerobic respiration
    (provides the energy needed to carry out
    cell functions)
A

TINY GAPS or GAP
JUNCTIONS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q
  • The “soup” within which all the other cell
    organelles reside
  • Where most of the cellular metabolism
    occurs
  • Mostly water, it is full of proteins that
    control cell metabolism including signal
    transduction pathways, glycolysis,
    intracellular receptors, and transcription
    factors.
A

CYTOSOL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q
  • Resides mainly in the
    plasma membrane but
    also found in lesser
    quantities in
    mitochondria, Golgi
    complex, and nuclear
    membrane
  • Acts as stabilizer that
    limits the movement of
    phospholipids layers,
    which slide back and
    forth in the membrane.
A

CHOLESTEROL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q
  • This is a collective term for the cytosol
    plus the organelles suspended within the
    cytosol
A

CYTOPLASM

40
Q

Nucleus Contains the cell’s
genetic information
encoded in DNA that
is packaged into ——-

A

CHROMOSOMES

41
Q

Within the nucleus
is the —— which
produces ——–

A

nucleolus

produces ribosomes

42
Q

Site of aerobic
respiration and the
major site of ATP
synthesis. (Site of
energy yielding
oxidation)
It has its own
DNA
Site of lipid
synthesis and
detoxification.

A

Mitochondria

43
Q
  • Appears “pebbled” by
    electron microscopy due
    to the presence of
    numerous ribosomes on
    its surface
  • Proteins synthesized on
    these ribosomes collect
    in the endoplasmic
    reticulum for transport
    throughout the cell.
A

Rough ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM

44
Q
  • Plays different functions
    depending on the
    specific cell type
    including:
    – lipid and steroid
    hormone synthesis
    – breakdown of lipid- soluble toxins in liver
    cells
    – control of calcium
    release in muscle cell
    contraction.
A

Smooth ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM

45
Q
  • It modifies protein
    after they are
    produced in the
    ribosome.
  • It is involved in the
    secretion of
    protein from the
    cell
A

Golgi apparatus

46
Q
  • Contains hydrolytic
    enzymes necessary for
    intracellular digestion
  • Common in animal
    cells, but rare in plant
    cells
  • Hydrolytic enzymes of
    plant cells are more
    often found in the
    vacuole
A

Lysosome

47
Q

*Are membrane-bound
packets of oxidative
enzymes
*In plant cells, it
converts fatty acids to
sugar and assists
chloroplasts in
photorespiration
*In animal cells, it
protects the cell from its
own production of toxic
hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxisome

48
Q

A rigid, protective wall made up of
polysaccharides (cellulose, in higher plant
cells)
Provides and maintains the shape of these
cells and serves as a protective barrier.
Fluid collects in the plant cell ——- and
pushes out against the cell wall. This
pressure is responsible for the crispness of
fresh vegetables.

A

Cell Wall
(plant cells only)

plant cell vacuole

49
Q

Specialized
organelles found
in all higher plant
cells
Contains the plant
cell’s chlorophyll
responsible for the
plant’s green
color.

A

CHLOROPLAST
(plant cells only)

50
Q

Distribution of biomolecules in
a cell (plant)

Cell Wall

A

Polysaccharide

51
Q

Distribution of biomolecules in
a cell (plant)

Vacuole

A

Small molecules

52
Q

Distribution of biomolecules in
a cell (plant)

Chloroplast

A

Liquid, protein,
carbohydrates

53
Q

Chemical Elements of
Cells

Most abundant:

A

– Hydrogen (60%)
– Oxygen (25%)
– Carbon (12%)
– Nitrogen (5%)
Other notable elements occurring
in small quantities includes P, S,
Ca, Mg, Na, Cl and trace amounts
of Fe, Cu, Mn etc.

54
Q
A
55
Q
  • Molecules that
    naturally occur in
    living organisms
  • Large or giant
    molecules
    (macromolecules)
  • Composed of polymers
A

Biomolecules

56
Q

FOUR MAJOR BIOMOLECULES

A
  • Proteins (amino acids)
  • Carbohydrates
    (monosaccharides)
  • Nucleic acids (nucleotides)
  • Lipids (fatty acids)
57
Q

– simple subunits;
building blocks
Ex. Amino acid, Nucleotide, Saccharide

A

Monomers

58
Q

– made by joining monomers
Ex.
– Peptide, Oligopeptide, Polypeptide,
Protein
– Nucleic acid, i.e. DNA, RNA
– Oligosaccharide, Polysaccharide

A

Polymers

59
Q

Composition of Biomolecules

  • CARBOHYDRATES
A

– Monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, fructose)
– Oligosaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose)
– Polysaccharides (cellulose, starch, glycogen)

60
Q
  • Fatty acids
    *Long-chain
    monocarboxylic
    acids
    *Have a general
    structure of
    CH3(CH2)nCOOH
A

L I p I d s

61
Q
  • are lipids possessing a glycerol
    with one or more fatty acyl
    groups
  • Glycerol - (propan-1, 2, 3-triol)
A

GLYCERIDES

62
Q

Three parts
1. A five carbon sugar
2. A base that has a nitrogen (N)
atom
3. An ion of phosphoric acid

A

Nucleotide

63
Q

five (5) nucleotide bases

A

Adenine
Thymine
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine

64
Q

NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA

A

DNA
* 4 nitrogenous base
A, T, C, G
* Deoxyribose (sugar)
+ Phosphate group

65
Q

– Combinations of 20 amino acids
– Protein chains are polypeptides
– Macromolecule – increasing
dimensional complexity : primary,
secondary, tertiary & quaternary

A

PROTEINS

66
Q

NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA

A
  • 4 nucleotides base
    A, U, C, G
  • Ribose (sugar) +
    Phosphate group
67
Q

invented one of the microscope’s first prototypes.

A

1600’s
Zacharias Janssen

68
Q

first clear drawings of the plant cells he had observed in thin cells of cork. He first coined the term “cell” which reminded him of the many box-like structures (blocks of cells) occupied by the monks.

A

1665
Robert Hooke

69
Q

discovery of blood cells, sperm cells, and a lively world of “animalcules” which were later found to be bacteria and protozoans. Also, he created his own powerful microscope. The cell theory was only formulated after nearly 200 years since the introduction of microscopy.

A

1673
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

70
Q

all organisms originate from and consist of cells. This became the initial statement of the modern cell theory. Three significant discoveries during the 1830s led to the early development of the cell theory.

A

1779-1851
Lorenz Oken

71
Q

discovered the nucleus as a constant part of the plant cell. Then the nuclei were also found and observed in some animal cells.

A

1833
Robert Brown

72
Q

first recognized the living substance within the cell which he termed “sarcode”.

A

1835
Felix Dujardin

73
Q

This term was later changed to protoplasm by a Czech physiologist ——————, referring to the colloidal substance in the cell.

A

1835
Jan Evangelista Purkinje

74
Q

cells are the elementary particles of both plants and animals. They noted that some organisms are unicellular while others are multicellular.

A

1838-1839
Matthias Jakob Schleiden
&
Theodore Schwann

75
Q

the cell is the basic and structural unit of life and that every cell is formed from a preexisting cell.

A

1858
Rudolf Virchow

76
Q

Large structure surrounded by a double membrane.
Function:
storage of genetic information
synthesis of DNA and RNA

A

Nucleus

77
Q

granular body within the nucleus consists of RNA protein.
Function:
site for ribosomal RNA synthesis
ribosome subunit assembly

A

Nucleolus

78
Q

composed of a complex of DNA and protein known as chromatin.
condense during cell division, becoming visible as rod-like chromosomes.
Function:
contain genes (units of hereditary information) that govern the structure and activity of cells.

A

Chromosomes

79
Q

contain cellulose fibrils (found in plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists).
Function:
protection, maintaining cell shape
prevents excessive uptake of water

A

Cell Wall

80
Q

membrane boundary of the cell
Function:
encloses cellular contents and regulates movement of materials in and out of the cell. help maintain cell shapes and communicate with other cells.

A

Plasma Membrane

81
Q

membranous sacs (mostly in plants, fungi, algae).
Function:
store materials, wastes, water
maintain hydrostatic pressure

A

Vacuoles

82
Q

membranous sacs (in animals)
Function:
contain enzymes to break ingested materials, secretions, and wastes.

A

Lysosomes

83
Q

stacks of flattened membrane sacs
Function:
modifies protein packages secreted proteins.
sorts other to vacuoles and other organelles.

A

Golgi Complex

84
Q

granules composed of RNA and protein
some attached to ER, some free in the cytosol.
Function:
synthesize polypeptides in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

A

Ribosomes

85
Q

ribosomes stud outer surface
Function:
manufacture of many proteins destined for secretion or incorporation into membranes.

A

Rough ER

86
Q

lacks ribosomes on the outer surface
Function:
lipid biosynthesis

A

Smooth ER

87
Q

network of internal membranes
extending through cytoplasm
Function:
synthesize lipids and modify many proteins
origin of intracellular transport vesicles that carry proteins

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

88
Q

membranous sacs containing a variety of enzymes.
Function:
site of many diverse metabolic reactions.

A

Peroxisomes

89
Q

sacs consisting of two membranes
inner membrane is folded to form cristae and encloses matrix.
Function:
site of most reactions of cellular respiration.
transformation of energy originating from glucose or lipids into ATP energy.

A

Mitochondria

90
Q

double-membrane structured enclosing material thylakoid membranes.
chloroplasts contain chlorophyll in thylakoid membranes.
Function:
site of photosynthesis chlorophyll captures light energy.
ATP and other energy-rich compounds are formed and used to convert CO2 to glucose.

A

Plastids (e.g. chloroplast)

91
Q

hollow tubes made of subunits of tubulin protein.
Function:
provide structural support.
have a role in cell and organelle movement and cell division.
components of cilia, flagella, centrioles, basal bodies.

A

Microtubules

92
Q

solid, rod-like structures consisting of actin protein.
Function:
provide structural support.
play a role in cell and organelle movement and cell division.

A

Microfilaments

93
Q

tough fibers made of protein shape

Function:
help strengthen cytoskeleton
stabilize cell

A

Intermediate filaments

94
Q

pair of hollow cylinders located near nucleus; each centriole consists of 9 microtubule triplets (9x3 structure)
Function:
mitotic spindle forms between centrioles during animal cell division many anchor and organize microtubule information in animal cells
absent in most plants

A

Centrioles

95
Q

relatively short projections extending cells from the surface of a cell.
covered by a plasma membrane made of two central and nine pairs of peripheral microtubules (9+2 structure).
Function:
movement of some single-cell organisms.
used to move materials on the surface of some tissues.

A

Cilia

96
Q

meaning of Prokaryote

A

“before the nucleus”

97
Q

meaning of Eukaryotes

A

“True nucleus”

98
Q

eukaryotic cell has three basic parts

A

the plasma membrane or cell membrane, cytoplasm

PHARMACOLOGY (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions