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May 2023 ChELE > Biochem > Flashcards

Biochem Flashcards

1
Q

Chiral Carbon

A

Carbon with four different groups attached

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2
Q

D-Configuration

A

Dextro: Latin for on the right side
the functional group is pointing on the right side of the highest numbered chiral carbon

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3
Q

L-Configuration

A

Levo: Latin for on the left side
the functional group is pointing on the leftside of the highest numbered chiral carbon

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4
Q

simplest carbohydrate

A

glyceraldehyde

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5
Q

Glucose and fructose are examples of

A

single sugars

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6
Q

(CH2O)n is the molecular formula for
which type of macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates

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7
Q

Which of the following is NOT a
polysaccharide?

A. Glycogen
B. Starch
C. Sucrose
D. Cellulose

A

Sucrose

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8
Q

What are used in animals as a source of
quick energy that can be stored in the
liver and muscles ?

A

Carbohydrates

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9
Q

Sugars, starches, and cellulose belong
to which major class of biological
molecules?

A

carbohydrates

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10
Q

Plants like sugar cane and sugar beets store
the energy as simple sugars. Other plants,
like corn and potatoes, store the energy as
more complex sugars called?

A

starches

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11
Q

Which macromolecule does not
dissolve in water?

A

lipids

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12
Q

natural fatty acids

A

C10 to C20 natural fatty acids capric, lauric,
myristic, palmitic, stearic and arachidic is:
“Carla, Laura & Maria Perform Silly
Antics”

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13
Q

What are the monomers of lipids?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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14
Q

Lipids are used by the body to perform all
of the following functions EXCEPT:

A. membrane structural material.
B. enzyme action.
C. insulation.
D. a rich energy source.

A

enzyme action.

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15
Q

What type of organic substances are
fats?

A

lipids

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16
Q

Fats that have fatty acids with only single
covalent bonds in their carbon skeletons
are

A

saturated

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17
Q

Which of the following is a polymer?

A. nucleic acid
B. fatty acid
C. Amino acid
D. Glycerol

A

nucleic acid

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18
Q

This biological macromolecule is
responsible for controlling the activity of the
cell, and it stores and transports genetic
information.

A

Nucleic acid

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19
Q

What are described as the “building
blocks of Protein”?

A

Amino Acids

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20
Q

Proteins are ___ made of amino
acid __

A

polymers; monomers

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21
Q

In this type of structure, most of carbonyl
groups of peptide bonds forms a hydrogen
bond with the amide nitrogen of another
peptide bond four amino acids further down
the polypeptide chain:

A

Alpha-helix

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22
Q

The isoelectric point of an amino acid is defined
as the pH

A

where the molecule carries no electric charge

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23
Q

When the amino acid alanine (R-
group is CH3) is added to a solution

with a pH of 7.3, alanine becomes

A

an anion

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24
Q

The term “SALTING IN” refers to?

A

B.Increasing the solubility of a protein in
solution by adding ions.

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25
Q

The local spatial arrangement of a
polypeptide’s backbone atoms without regard
to the conformation of its side chains can be
called as

A

Secondary structure

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26
Q

Which of the following amino acids are
more likely to be found in a protein’s
interior away from aqueous solvent
molecules?

A

Val, Leu, Ile, Met, and Phe

27
Q

Which of the following is (are) true of -
turns in proteins?

A. It is a 180o turn of four amino acids.
B.Glycine and proline are frequently
found there.
C.Are used as connecting turns of -
helix
D. All of the above.

A

D. All of the above.

28
Q

The primary stabilizing force of
protein secondary structure is:

A

Hydrogen bonds

29
Q

Two types of -pleated sheets can be
called:

A

parallel and antiparallel

30
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic
of a globular protein?

  • A Polypeptide chain in extended, long
    sheets
  • B Polypeptide chains are folded in a
    spherical shape.
  • C Contains several types of secondary
    structure
  • D Typical for regulatory proteins.
A

A

31
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic
of a globular protein?

  • A Polypeptide chain in extended, long
    sheets
  • B Polypeptide chains are folded in a
    spherical shape.
  • C Contains several types of secondary
    structure
  • D Typical for regulatory proteins.
A

A Polypeptide chain in extended, long
sheets

32
Q

The alpha helix found in myoglobin can
best be described as

A

Secondary structure

33
Q

Some parts of a protein that have a specific
chemical structure and function are called
protein

A

domains

34
Q

One of the following is NOT usually a
force that helps to hold the monomer
units of a quaternary protein together?

A. Peptide bonds
B. Disulfide bonds
C. Salt bonds
D. Hydrophobic interactions

A

Peptide bonds

34
Q

One of the following is NOT usually a
force that helps to hold the monomer
units of a quaternary protein together?

A. Peptide bonds
B. Disulfide bonds
C. Salt bonds
D. Hydrophobic interactions

A

Peptide bonds

35
Q

If a person breathes into a paper bag, you
would expect their blood CO2 to

A

D. increase and their blood pH to decrease

36
Q

The quaternary structure of a protein is

A

the intertwining of two or more polypeptides

37
Q

The action of disrupting the three-
dimensional shape of a protein is

termed

A

denaturation

38
Q

Glycolytic pathway regulation involves
* A. allosteric stimulation by ADP
* B. allosteric inhibition by ATP
* C. feedback, or product, inhibition by ATP
* D. all of the above

A

D. all of the above

39
Q

Why does the glycolytic pathway continue in the direction of
glucose catabolism?

A

There are essentially three irreversible reactions that act as the
driving force for the pathway

40
Q

The released energy obtained by oxidation of glucose is stored as

A

ATP

41
Q

For every one molecule of sugar glucose which is oxidized _ molecule of pyruvic acid are produced.

A

2

42
Q

The enzymes of glycolysis in a eukaryotic cell are located in the

A

C.cytosol

43
Q

Which of the following is not true of glycolysis?
* A.ADP is phosphorylated to ATP via substrate level
phosphorylation
* B.The pathway does not require oxygen
* C.The pathway oxidizes two moles of NADH to NAD+ for each mole of glucose that enters
* D.The pathway requires two moles of ATP to get started catabolizing each mole of glucose

A

C.The pathway oxidizes two moles of NADH to NAD+ for each mole of glucose that enters

44
Q

ATP is from which general category of molecules?

A

A.Polysaccharides

45
Q

Which of the following regulates glycolysis steps?
A.Phosphofructokinase
* B.Hexose kinase
* C.Pyruvate kinase

A

D.All of these

46
Q

Which of the following is not a mechanism for altering the flux of
metabolites through the rate-determining step of a pathway?
* A. Allosteric control of the enzyme activity
* B. Block active sites
* C. Genetic control of the enzyme concentration
* D. Covalent modification of the enzyme

A

Block active sites

47
Q

Phosphofructokinase, the major flux-controlling enzyme of
glycolysis is allosterically inhibited and activated respectively by
A.ATP and PEP
* B.AMP and Pi
* C.ATP and ADP
* D.Citrate and ATP

A

C.ATP and ADP

48
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?
A. inner membrane of mitochondria
B. matrix of mitochondria
C. stroma of chloroplast
D. cytoplasm

A

cytoplasm

49
Q

Sports physiologists wanted to monitor
athletes to determine at what point their
muscles were functioning anaerobically. They
could do this by checking for a buildup of
which of the following compounds?

A. oxygen
B. ATP
C. lactate
D. carbon dioxide

A

lactate

50
Q

There are four enzymes of gluconeogenesis that
circumvent the irreversible steps in glycolysis. When
starting with the substrate pyruvate or lactate they are
A.Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase-1,
phosphofructokinase-2 and pyruvate kinase
B.Pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate
carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, and
glucose-6-phosphatase
C.Glycerol kinase, glycerol-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase, fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase, and
glucose-6-phosphatase
D.Amino transferase, phosphoenolpyruvate
carboxykinase, fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase, and
glucose-6-phosphatase

A

B.Pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate
carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, and
glucose-6-phosphatase

51
Q

The enzymes that remove phosphate groups during the
process of gluconeogenesis and circumvent two of the
three irreversible reactions of glycolysis are

*
*
A. Pyruvate kinase and glycerol kinase
B.Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glycerol
kinase
C.3-Phosphoglycerate kinase and fructose-1,6-
bisphosphatase
D.Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose-6-
phosphatase

A

D.Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose-6-
phosphatase

52
Q

The most important control step in gluconeogenesis is fructose-1,6-
bisphosphatase. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT

  • A.Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase converts fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
    to fructose-6-phosphate
    B.During times when insulin is high, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase is
    inhibited by fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
    C.During a fast or exercise when glucagon and/or epinephrine are
    high, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase is active because of the absence
    of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
    D.Glycolysis or gluconeogenesis cannot be active at the same
    time. If they were is would be a futile cycle
A

A.Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase converts fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
to fructose-6-phosphate

53
Q

In the liver, glucagon will activate
A. Glycolysis and glycogen synthesis
B. Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
C. Gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthase
D. Gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis

A

B. Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

54
Q

Which of the following statements about hormonal levels during different
states is true?
A.During the time you are eating a high carbohydrate mixed meal, the
insulin to glucagon ratio will decrease
B.When passing from the fed to fasting state, insulin and glucagon usually
decrease
C. When playing basketball, epinephrine is usually low and insulin is high
D.After running for 20 miles, epinephrine and glucagon are high and insulin
is low

A

D.After running for 20 miles, epinephrine and glucagon are high and insulin
is low

55
Q

All of the following will result in activation of glycogen
phosphorylase in skeletal muscle EXCEPT
A.Increased concentrations of AMP from contraction of
muscle
B. Increased epinephrine and cAMP
C. Increased cytosolic [Ca++]
D. Increased protein phosphatase
E. Increased activity of glycogen phosphorylase kinase

A

D. Increased protein phosphatase

56
Q

Catabolism:

A

Breaking down of molecules

57
Q

Anabolism:

A

Building up of molecules

58
Q

glycolysis ratio

A

glucose:pyruvate:atp:acetylcoa = 1:2:2:2 molecules

59
Q

Energy investment phase

A

— uses two ATP
— irreversible steps: glucose to glucose-6-phosphate (hexokinase) and fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-biphosphate (phosphofructokinase)

60
Q

Energy Yielding phase

A

— irreversible phase: phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate (pyruvate kinase)
— 4 ATP are produced

61
Q

Glycolysis Summary:

A
  • Energy investment phase
    — uses two ATP
    — irreversible steps: glucose to glucose-6-phosphate (hexokinase) and fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-biphosphate (phosphofructokinase)
  • Energy Yielding phase
    — irreversible phase: phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate (pyruvate kinase)
    — 4 ATP are produced

Intotal, two ATPs are produced (+4-2)

62
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

pyruvate to glucose

May 2023 ChELE (11 decks)

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