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Grade 10 Science > biochem > Flashcards

biochem Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

organic compounds are all

A

carbon based

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2
Q

inorganic compounds:

A

are non living matter that lack carbon

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3
Q

hydrocarbons are made up of:

A

hydrogen and carbon

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4
Q

the polarity of hydrocarbons is:

A

non-poplar, meaning they do not dissolve in water.

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5
Q

the boiling point of hydrocarbons is:

A

low.

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6
Q

hydrocarbons are good fuels;

A

this makes them very flammable.

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7
Q

a functional group is:

A

a cluster of atoms that always behaves in a certain way.

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8
Q

certain functional groups are associated with:

A

certain chemical properties.

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9
Q

what are the seven functional groups?

A

hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, carbonyl, ketone

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10
Q

where is hydroxyl found in?

A

alcohol

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11
Q

give an example of an alcohol.

A

ethanol

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12
Q

carboxyl is found in:

A

acids

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13
Q

an example of an acid is:

A

vinegar

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14
Q

amino is found in:

A

bases

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15
Q

an example of a base is:

A

ammonia

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16
Q

sulfhydryl is found in:

A

rubber and proteins

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17
Q

phosphate is found in:

A

ATP and nucleic acids

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18
Q

carbonyls have two groups. they are:

A

aldehydes and ketone.

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19
Q

aldehydes are found in:

A

formaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon bark)

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20
Q

ketone is found in:

A

proteins and lipids.

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21
Q

biological molecules are made up of:

A

a hydrogen chain and a functional group

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22
Q

functional groups are more what than hydrocarbon?

A

reactive

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23
Q

amino acids contain:

A

an amino and carboxyl group, used to build proteins

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24
Q

carboxyl group makes a molecule:

A

acidic

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25
Q

amino group makes a molecule

A

basic

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26
Q

an acid is:

A

a molecule that donates a proton

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27
Q

a base is:

A

a molecule that receives a proton

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28
Q

pH of base/acid:

A

acid: -7 // base: +7

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29
Q

a covalent bond happens between:

A

two non metals

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30
Q

an ionic bond happens between:

A

a metal/semi-metal and a non metal

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31
Q

oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon are all:

A

non metals

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32
Q

to figure out if a molecule is capable of forming hydrogen bonds:

A

make sure it is polar. if it contains OH or NH, it is capable of forming hydrogen bonds.

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33
Q

what are the four classes of biologically important molecules?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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34
Q

example of carbohydrate:

A

starch

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35
Q

example of lipids:

A

triglycerides

36
Q

example of proteins:

A

enzymes

37
Q

example of nucleic acids:

A

DNA

38
Q

define macromolecule:

A

large molecules made up of repeating sub-units that are covalently linked.

39
Q

covalent bonds happen between:

A

two non metals

40
Q

ionic bonds happen between:

A

a metal/semi metal and a non metal

41
Q

what are polymers made out of?

A

repeating smaller molecules called monomers

42
Q

main purpose of carbohydrates:

A

to store energy

43
Q

carbohydrates are macromolecules made up of:

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

44
Q

what’s the ratio for carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates?

A

1:2:1

45
Q

(CH2O)n; what is n?

A

the number of carbon atoms

46
Q

the four groups carbohydrates are classified in are:

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.

47
Q

monosaccharide:

A

simple sugars with 3-7 carbon atoms

48
Q

simple sugars have:

A

a single chain of carbon atoms to which hydroxyl groups are attached.

49
Q

disaccharide:

A

two monosaccharides

50
Q

oligosaccharide:

A

3-10 monosaccharides

51
Q

polysaccharide:

A

10+ monosaccharides

52
Q

isomers are:

A

molecules with the same number and type of atoms in different structural arrangements.

53
Q

two things glucose, fructose, and galactose have in common:

A
  • monomers
  • isomers
54
Q

is fructose or glucose sweeter?

A

fructose

55
Q

define glycosidic linkage:

A

the covalent bonds formed between the hydroxyl groups on the monosaccharides in a dissacharide.

56
Q

glycosidic linkages are a result of:

A

condensation/dehydration reactions

57
Q

lipids are made out of:

A

hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen atoms

58
Q

lipids are:

A

hydrophobic; insoluble in water but soluble in non polar substances.

59
Q

two things lipids do:

A

store energy and build membranes/cell parts

60
Q

do lipids or carbohydrates store more energy?

A

lipids provide more than double the energy per gram that carbs do

61
Q

lipids provide long term energy; what does that mean in relation to carbs?

A

they’re processed by the body after carbohydrate stores have been used up.

62
Q

other two things lipids do:

A

insulate against heat loss and form protective cushions around major organs

63
Q

they help make fur, feathers, and leaves:

A

water repelling (hydrophobic?)

64
Q

three major groups of lipids:

A
  • oils, fats, waxes
  • phospholipids
  • steroids
65
Q

triglycerides are composed of:

A

one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids linked by ester bonds

66
Q

an ester bond is:

A

a double bond between an oxygen atom and another atom.

67
Q

a fatty acid is a:

A

hydrocarbon chain that ends with an acidic carboxyl group, COOH

68
Q

a saturated fatty acid:

A

has no double bonds between carbon atoms (only single bonds)

69
Q

an unsaturated fatty acid:

A

has one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.

70
Q

how are the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids formed?

A

by removing hydrogen atoms.

71
Q

monosaturated means:

A

the unsaturated fatty acid has only one double bond

72
Q

polyunsaturated means:

A

the unsaturated fatty acid has more than one double bond between carbon atoms.

73
Q

unsaturated double bonds between carbon atoms create a:

A

kink in the chain

74
Q

unsaturated fatty acids do not fit closely together. this makes them:

A

liquid at room temperature

75
Q

saturated fatty acids are:

A

solid at room temperate

76
Q

hydrogenation means:

A

chemically adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids to make saturated fats (margarine)

77
Q

three examples of polysaccharides:

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose

78
Q

starch is used for:

A

storage in plants

79
Q

extra glucose turns into:

A

glycogen in animals

80
Q

starch and glycogen’s structure differs in the number and type of:

A

branching side chains

81
Q

why is glycogen broken down more easily than starch?

A

because it ha more branches attached to it (more surface area)

82
Q

cellulose function:

A

provide structural support in plant cell walls

83
Q

alpha vs beta glucose:

A

hydroxyl (1) UP in ALPHA, hydroxyl (1) DOWN in BETA

84
Q

alpha and beta glucose in human digestion:

A

can digest alpha glucose, can’t digest beta glucose

85
Q

lipids are com

A

Grade 10 Science (5 decks)

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