bio quest

Question 1

cell membrane:

Answer 1

The cell membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment which protects the cell from its environment.

Question 2

centrioles:

Answer 2

These bundles of microtubules play a part in organizing the movement of chromosomes during cell division.

Question 3

cytoplasm:

Answer 3

The jelly-like substance, composed of mainly water, that lies between the nucleus and the cell membrane. Microtubules within the cytoplasm from the cytoskeleton of the cell, which aids in the cell’s movement and gives the cell its shape.

Question 4

endoplasmic reticulum:

Answer 4

A network of sacs that are responsible for manufacturing, processing, and transporting chemical compounds used by the cell. the rough endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes. Proteins produced by the ribosomes are released and transported through the endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 5

golgi apparatus:

Answer 5

A stack of membranes that collect and modify chemical compounds. The Golgi apparatus packages compounds to be used in other parts of the cell or exported outside the cell and forms lysosomes.

Question 6

lysosomes:

Answer 6

Small vesicles that contain enzymes and chemicals that help digest material brought into the cell. They also break down old, non-functioning organelles. They are formed by the Golgi apparatus.

Question 7

mitochondria/mitochondrion:

Answer 7

The ‘powerhouse’ of the cell that converts nutrients into energy that can be used by the cell. Mitochondria have their own DNA and may once have been independent bacteria.

Question 8

nuclear membrane:

Answer 8

The double-layered membrane surrounds and protects the nucleus of the cell. Pores in the membrane allow molecules to move in and out of the nucleus.

Question 9

nucleolus:

Answer 9

Found inside the nucleus, this organelle contains RNA and synthesizes ribosomes.

Question 10

nucleus:

Answer 10

The nucleus contains the cell’s DNA and regulates gene expression.

Question 11

ribosomes:

Answer 11

Found on the rough endoplasmic reticulum and throughout the cytoplasm, these tiny structures are the site of protein synthesis in the cell.

Question 12

vacuole:

Answer 12

A type of vesicle that stores water, salts, carbohydrates, and proteins. Vacuoles play a role in disposing of waste products from the cell.

Question 13

vesicles:

Answer 13

Small, sac-like structures created by the Golgi apparatus. Vesicles function in string and delivering nutrients and proteins throughout the cell, or in transporting wastes to the cell membrane to be expelled from the cell. Vesicles include vacuoles and lysosomes.

Question 14

cell wall:

Answer 14

The porous outmost layer that surrounds the plasma membrane. It plays a role in protecting and supporting the cell, and is made up of layers that can be flexible and elastic or extremely rigid and woody.

Question 15

chloroplast:

Answer 15

This organelle converts the radiant energy of the sun into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis.

Question 16

plastids:

Answer 16

Organelles that carry out many functions in plant cells, including photosynthesis (chloroplasts), pigment synthesis and storage (leucoplasts). Like mitochondria, all plastids contain their own DNA.

Question 17

What are some differences between animal and plant cells?

Answer 17

• plant cells have cell walls, and animal cells do not.
• plant cells have chloroplasts, and animal cells do not.
• plant cells only have one large vacuole each, while animal cells have multiple smaller ones.

Question 18

cell:

Answer 18

the smallest unit that can perform the functions of life.

Question 19

microscopy:

Answer 19

the science of using microscopes to view samples or objects.

Question 20

nucleus:

Answer 20

the organelle that controls the cell’s activities.

Question 21

organelle:

Answer 21

a specialized structure in a cell.

Question 22

micrograph:

Answer 22

a photograph taken with a microscope.

Question 23

cytoplasm:

Answer 23

the cytosol and the organelles contained by the cell membrane.

Question 24

the four steps of cellular respiration are:

Answer 24

1. glycosis
2. pyruvate oxidation
3. citric acid cycle
4. oxidative phosphorylation

Question 25

glycosis:

Answer 25

glucose—a six-carbon sugar—undergoes a series of chemical transformations. In the end, it gets converted into two molecules of pyruvate, a three-carbon organic molecule. In these reactions, ATP is made, and NAD⁺ is converted to NADH.

Question 26

pyruvate oxidation:

Answer 26

Each pyruvate from glycolysis goes into the mitochondrial matrix—the innermost compartment of mitochondria. There, it’s converted into a two-carbon molecule bound to Coenzyme A, known as acetyl CoA. Carbon dioxide is released and NADH is generated.

Question 27

citric acid cycle:

Answer 27

The acetyl CoA made in the last step combines with a four-carbon molecule and goes through a cycle of reactions, ultimately regenerating the four-carbon starting molecule. ATP, NADH, and FADH₂ are produced, and carbon dioxide is released.

Question 28

oxidative phosphorylation:

Answer 28

The NADH, and FADH₂ made in other steps deposit their electrons in the electron transport chain, turning back into their "empty" forms (NAD⁺ and FADH₂). As electrons move down the chain, energy is released and used to pump protons out of the matrix, forming a gradient. Protons flow back into the matrix through an enzyme called ATP synthase, making ATP. At the end of the electron transport chain, oxygen accepts electrons and takes up protons to form water.

Question 29

photosynthesis:

Answer 29

Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that, through cellular respiration, can later be released to fuel the organism's metabolic activities.

Question 30

DNA is stored-

Answer 30

in the nucleus, though a small amount may also be stored in the mitochondria. this DNA is called mtDNA.

Question 31

DNA bases (C, G, A, T):

Answer 31

cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A), and thymine (T).

Question 32

DNA:

Answer 32

deoxyribonucleic acid.

Question 33

DNA stands are made by-

Answer 33

-pairing up with each other, A with T and C with G, to form units called base pairs. Each base is also attached to a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule. Together, a base, sugar, and phosphate are called a nucleotide. Nucleotides are arranged in two long strands that form a spiral called a double helix. The structure of the double helix is somewhat like a ladder, with the base pairs forming the ladder’s rungs and the sugar and phosphate molecules forming the vertical sidepieces of the ladder.

Question 34

genome:

Answer 34

an organism's complete set of nuclear DNA.

Question 35

osmosis:

Answer 35

the movement of solvent particles across a semipermeable membrane from a dilute solution into a concentrated solution. the solvent moves to dilute the concentrated solution and equalize the concentration on both sides of the membrane.

Question 36

diffusion:

Answer 36

the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. the overall effect is to equalize concentration throughout the medium.

Question 37

mitosis:

Answer 37

a form of eukaryotic cell division that produces two daughter cells with the same genetic component as the parent cell.

Question 38

phases of mitosis:

Answer 38

PROPHASE: the phase of mitosis in which sister chromatids condense and the chromosomes become visible. METAPHASE: the phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes mare aligned across the center of the cell. ANAPHASE: the phase of mitosis in which the centromere splits apart and the chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell by the spindle fibers. TELOPHASE: the phase of mitosis in which the daughter nuclei are formed.

Question 39

interphase:

Answer 39

the cell grows and makes a copy of its DNA.

Question 40

the stages of interphase:

Answer 40

G₁ PHASE: also called the first gap phase, the cell grows physically larger, copies organelles, and makes the molecular building blocks it will need in later steps. S PHASE: the cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus. It also duplicates a microtubule-organizing structure called the centrosome. The centrosomes help separate DNA during M phase. G₂ PHASE: cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles, and begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis. G₂ phase ends when mitosis begins.

Question 41

cytokinesis:

Answer 41

the physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells. it occurs concurrently with two types of nuclear division called mitosis and meiosis, which occur in animal cells.

Question 42

meisosis:

Answer 42

a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells.

Question 43

gamete cells:

Answer 43

an organism's reproductive cells; sometimes also referred to as sex cells.

Question 44

cancer at a cellular level:

Answer 44

a cell growth disease where cells undergo division many more times than normal, making the cells prone to replication errors—mistakes that occur during the copying of the DNA on the chromosomes that occurs in each cell division. if these mistakes or mutations are not repaired they accumulate.

Question 45

apoptosis (programmed cell death) at a cellular level:

Answer 45

cells shrink and develop bubble-like protrusions (blebs) on their surface. the DNA in the nucleus gets chopped up into small pieces, and some organelles of the cell, (like the endoplasmic reticulum) break down into fragments. in the end, the entire cell splits up into small chunks, each neatly enclosed in a package of membrane that release signals that attract debris-eating (phagocytic) immune cells, such as macrophages. the fragments of the dying cell display a lipid molecule called phosphatidylserine on their surface that is usually hidden on the inside of the membrane; when it is on the outside, it lets the phagocytes bind and "eat" the cell fragments.

Question 46

plant tissues:

Answer 46

dermal tissue, ground tissue, and vascular tissue.

Question 47

dermal tissue:

Answer 47

covers and protects the plant, and controls gas exchange and water absorption (in roots). stomata: specialized pores that allow gas exchange through holes in the cuticle. unlike the stem and leaves, the root epidermis is not covered by a waxy cuticle which would prevent absorption of water. root hairs: extensions of root epidermal cell that increase the surface area of the root and greatly contribute to the absorption of water and minerals. trichomes: small hairlike or spikey outgrowths of epidermal tissue, may be present on the stem and leaves, and aid in defense against herbivores.

Question 48

ground tissue:

Answer 48

carries out different functions based on the cell type and location in the plant. parenchyma: photosynthesis in the leaves, and storage in the roots. collenchyma: shoot support in areas of active growth. schlerenchyma: shoot support in areas where growth has ceased.

Question 49

vascular tissue:

Answer 49

transports water, minerals, and sugars to different parts of the plant. xylem tissue: transports water and nutrients from the roots to different parts of the plant; plays a role in structural support in the stem. phloem tissue: transports organic compounds from the site of photosynthesis to other parts of the plant. the xylem and phloem always lie adjacent to each other in a vascular bundle.

Question 50

meristematic tissues:

Answer 50

cells or group of cells that have the ability to divide; consist of small, densely packed cells that can keep dividing to form new cells. characterized by small cells, thin cell walls, large cell nuclei, absent or small vacuoles, and no intercellular spaces.

Question 51

auxin:

Answer 51

a plant hormone that is released by cells in actively growing area and controls cells below and behind them.

Question 52

the leaf:

Answer 52

``` UPPER AND MIDDLE LEAF: - cuticle (dermal) - mesophyll (ground) >>>> palisade >>>> spongy parenchyma (ground) - veins formed of vascular bundles: xylem and phloem ``` LOWER LEAF - guard cells - stomata (stoma) – for gas exchange (dermal)

Question 53

stem:

Answer 53

- contains vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) - main functions: physical support and transportation of water, nutrients and sugars KEY FEATURES: - xylem - phloem - lignin (chollenchyma – ground) - vascular bundles (xylem + phloem)

Question 54

the roots:

Answer 54

- contains ground tissue (cortex) - anchor plant to ground - allow it to take up water and minerals - storage in some plants - apical meristem (root tip) KET FEATURES: - cortex - pericycle - endodermis - root hairs - taproot vs fibrous roots

Question 55

the flower:

Answer 55

- reproductive organ - does not take part in plant maintenance - parts of flower specialized leaves - pollination: wind or animal/insect KEY FEATURES: - pollen - ethylene gas (causes fruit ripening) - seed - fruit (plant ovary)

Question 56

transpiration:

Answer 56

the evaporation of water from leaves. guard cells become curved when filled with water and force the stomata open. the guard cells collapse on themselves as they lose water, diminishing the water loss in the cell.

Question 57

root system:

Answer 57

an organ system in a plant which takes in water and minerals from the soil and transports these substances to the shoot system.

Question 58

shoot system:

Answer 58

an organ system in a plant which supports the plant, performs photosynthesis, and transports sap.

Question 59

how the root and shoot systems work together to transport water / nutrients:

Answer 59

the root hairs on the roots of the plant help the roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil. the nutrients and water move towards the xylem at the center of the root and are pushed into the xylem vessels with help from the endodermis, which helps to control the passage of water and minerals from the cortex to the vascular tissue. as root cells bring water and nutrients to the xylem, the mineral concentration increases the tendency of water to diffuse into the root xylem by osmosis. as water flows in, root pressure builds in the xylem vessels, forcing fluid up the xylem.

Question 60

photosynthesis equation:

Answer 60

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Question 61

medical imaging technologies:

Answer 61

x-ray x-ray radiation through tissue CT/CAT scan x-ray thin slices of part, computer reconstruction ultrasound sound waves, shows movement MRI radio signals in magnetic field

Question 62

open and closed blood flow systems:

Answer 62

open: blood pumped into body cavities - one vessel - cells bathe organs - muscles circulate blood - snails, insects, crustaceans closed: blood contained in vessels - complex organisms

Question 63

blood:

Answer 63

- 55% plasma - 45% cellular red blood cells - last 120 days - hemoglobin binds O2, CO & CO2 white blood cells - live for years - immune response platelets - clotting & healing

Question 64

types of tissues:

Answer 64

epithelial - squamous, cuboidal, columnar - form barriers, secrete mucous, absorb muscle - skeletal, smooth, cardiac - change shape: shorten/lengthen to contract nervous - neurons - relay signals, receive information - coordinate actions connective - bone, fat (adipose) - blood (liquid tissue) - strengthens, supports, connects, binds

Question 65

cell hierarchy:

Answer 65

cells, tissues, organs, systems.

Question 66

stem cells:

Answer 66

totipotent = can become any cell type - embryonic pluripotent = can become some cell types - adult - e.g. – skin stem cells repair skin induced pluripotent = made to be different type - viruses

Question 67

unicellar:

Answer 67

specialized organelles.

Question 68

multicellular:

Answer 68

specialized tissues.

Question 69

blood vessels:

Answer 69

arteries: - carry blood away from the heart to tissues - thick muscular walls - withstands high pressure blood - split into arterioles and then capillaries - found deeper in the body capillaries: - are extremely small with thins walls (1 epithelial cell thick) - capillary beds found around key tissues and organs in the body - O₂ and nutrients diffuse out of the blood to the tissues and CO₂ and waste diffuse in to be carried away veins: - capillaries become venules, which come together and become veins - carry blood towards the heart away from tissues - thinner walls than arteries - valves prevent backflow

Question 70

blood pressue:

Answer 70

diastole - blood pressure when the heart is relaxed systole - blood pressure when the heart is pumping “lub” sound - bicuspid and tricuspid valves closing “dub” sound - pulmonary and aortic valves closing

Question 71

cardiac disorders:

Answer 71

Atherosclerosis fat deposits block arterial lumen Arteriosclerosis fat deposits cause artery to harden may cause clotting Heart failure Heart fails to pump blood efficiently ``` Myocardial infarctions (heart attack) Blockage in coronary artery ```