Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Grade 10 Science > bio quest > Flashcards

bio quest Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell membrane:

A

The cell membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment which protects the cell from its environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

centrioles:

A

These bundles of microtubules play a part in organizing the movement of chromosomes during cell division.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cytoplasm:

A

The jelly-like substance, composed of mainly water, that lies between the nucleus and the cell membrane. Microtubules within the cytoplasm from the cytoskeleton of the cell, which aids in the cell’s movement and gives the cell its shape.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

endoplasmic reticulum:

A

A network of sacs that are responsible for manufacturing, processing, and transporting chemical compounds used by the cell. the rough endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes. Proteins produced by the ribosomes are released and transported through the endoplasmic reticulum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

golgi apparatus:

A

A stack of membranes that collect and modify chemical compounds. The Golgi apparatus packages compounds to be used in other parts of the cell or exported outside the cell and forms lysosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

lysosomes:

A

Small vesicles that contain enzymes and chemicals that help digest material brought into the cell. They also break down old, non-functioning organelles. They are formed by the Golgi apparatus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

mitochondria/mitochondrion:

A

The ‘powerhouse’ of the cell that converts nutrients into energy that can be used by the cell. Mitochondria have their own DNA and may once have been independent bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

nuclear membrane:

A

The double-layered membrane surrounds and protects the nucleus of the cell. Pores in the membrane allow molecules to move in and out of the nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

nucleolus:

A

Found inside the nucleus, this organelle contains RNA and synthesizes ribosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

nucleus:

A

The nucleus contains the cell’s DNA and regulates gene expression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ribosomes:

A

Found on the rough endoplasmic reticulum and throughout the cytoplasm, these tiny structures are the site of protein synthesis in the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

vacuole:

A

A type of vesicle that stores water, salts, carbohydrates, and proteins. Vacuoles play a role in disposing of waste products from the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

vesicles:

A

Small, sac-like structures created by the Golgi apparatus. Vesicles function in string and delivering nutrients and proteins throughout the cell, or in transporting wastes to the cell membrane to be expelled from the cell. Vesicles include vacuoles and lysosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cell wall:

A

The porous outmost layer that surrounds the plasma membrane. It plays a role in protecting and supporting the cell, and is made up of layers that can be flexible and elastic or extremely rigid and woody.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

chloroplast:

A

This organelle converts the radiant energy of the sun into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

plastids:

A

Organelles that carry out many functions in plant cells, including photosynthesis (chloroplasts), pigment synthesis and storage (leucoplasts). Like mitochondria, all plastids contain their own DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some differences between animal and plant cells?

A
  • plant cells have cell walls, and animal cells do not.
  • plant cells have chloroplasts, and animal cells do not.
  • plant cells only have one large vacuole each, while animal cells have multiple smaller ones.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cell:

A

the smallest unit that can perform the functions of life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

microscopy:

A

the science of using microscopes to view samples or objects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

nucleus:

A

the organelle that controls the cell’s activities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

organelle:

A

a specialized structure in a cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

micrograph:

A

a photograph taken with a microscope.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cytoplasm:

A

the cytosol and the organelles contained by the cell membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the four steps of cellular respiration are:

A
  1. glycosis
  2. pyruvate oxidation
  3. citric acid cycle
  4. oxidative phosphorylation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

glycosis:

A

glucose—a six-carbon sugar—undergoes a series of chemical transformations. In the end, it gets converted into two molecules of pyruvate, a three-carbon organic molecule. In these reactions, ATP is made, and NAD⁺ is converted to NADH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

pyruvate oxidation:

A

Each pyruvate from glycolysis goes into the mitochondrial matrix—the innermost compartment of mitochondria. There, it’s converted into a two-carbon molecule bound to Coenzyme A, known as acetyl CoA. Carbon dioxide is released and NADH is generated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

citric acid cycle:

A

The acetyl CoA made in the last step combines with a four-carbon molecule and goes through a cycle of reactions, ultimately regenerating the four-carbon starting molecule. ATP, NADH, and FADH₂ are produced, and carbon dioxide is released.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

oxidative phosphorylation:

A

The NADH, and FADH₂ made in other steps deposit their electrons in the electron transport chain, turning back into their “empty” forms (NAD⁺ and FADH₂). As electrons move down the chain, energy is released and used to pump protons out of the matrix, forming a gradient. Protons flow back into the matrix through an enzyme called ATP synthase, making ATP. At the end of the electron transport chain, oxygen accepts electrons and takes up protons to form water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

photosynthesis:

A

Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that, through cellular respiration, can later be released to fuel the organism’s metabolic activities.

30
Q

DNA is stored-

A

in the nucleus, though a small amount may also be stored in the mitochondria. this DNA is called mtDNA.

31
Q

DNA bases (C, G, A, T):

A

cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A), and thymine (T).

32
Q

DNA:

A

deoxyribonucleic acid.

33
Q

DNA stands are made by-

A

-pairing up with each other, A with T and C with G, to form units called base pairs. Each base is also attached to a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule. Together, a base, sugar, and phosphate are called a nucleotide. Nucleotides are arranged in two long strands that form a spiral called a double helix. The structure of the double helix is somewhat like a ladder, with the base pairs forming the ladder’s rungs and the sugar and phosphate molecules forming the vertical sidepieces of the ladder.

34
Q

genome:

A

an organism’s complete set of nuclear DNA.

35
Q

osmosis:

A

the movement of solvent particles across a semipermeable membrane from a dilute solution into a concentrated solution. the solvent moves to dilute the concentrated solution and equalize the concentration on both sides of the membrane.

36
Q

diffusion:

A

the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. the overall effect is to equalize concentration throughout the medium.

37
Q

mitosis:

A

a form of eukaryotic cell division that produces two daughter cells with the same genetic component as the parent cell.

38
Q

phases of mitosis:

A

PROPHASE: the phase of mitosis in which sister chromatids condense and the chromosomes become visible.
METAPHASE: the phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes mare aligned across the center of the cell.
ANAPHASE: the phase of mitosis in which the centromere splits apart and the chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell by the spindle fibers.
TELOPHASE: the phase of mitosis in which the daughter nuclei are formed.

39
Q

interphase:

A

the cell grows and makes a copy of its DNA.

40
Q

the stages of interphase:

A

G₁ PHASE: also called the first gap phase, the cell grows physically larger, copies organelles, and makes the molecular building blocks it will need in later steps.
S PHASE: the cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus. It also duplicates a microtubule-organizing structure called the centrosome. The centrosomes help separate DNA during M phase.
G₂ PHASE: cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles, and begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis. G₂ phase ends when mitosis begins.

41
Q

cytokinesis:

A

the physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells. it occurs concurrently with two types of nuclear division called mitosis and meiosis, which occur in animal cells.

42
Q

meisosis:

A

a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells.

43
Q

gamete cells:

A

an organism’s reproductive cells; sometimes also referred to as sex cells.

44
Q

cancer at a cellular level:

A

a cell growth disease where cells undergo division many more times than normal, making the cells prone to replication errors—mistakes that occur during the copying of the DNA on the chromosomes that occurs in each cell division. if these mistakes or mutations are not repaired they accumulate.

45
Q

apoptosis (programmed cell death) at a cellular level:

A

cells shrink and develop bubble-like protrusions (blebs) on their surface. the DNA in the nucleus gets chopped up into small pieces, and some organelles of the cell, (like the endoplasmic reticulum) break down into fragments. in the end, the entire cell splits up into small chunks, each neatly enclosed in a package of membrane that release signals that attract debris-eating (phagocytic) immune cells, such as macrophages. the fragments of the dying cell display a lipid molecule called phosphatidylserine on their surface that is usually hidden on the inside of the membrane; when it is on the outside, it lets the phagocytes bind and “eat” the cell fragments.

46
Q

plant tissues:

A

dermal tissue, ground tissue, and vascular tissue.

47
Q

dermal tissue:

A

covers and protects the plant, and controls gas exchange and water absorption (in roots).

stomata: specialized pores that allow gas exchange through holes in the cuticle. unlike the stem and leaves, the root epidermis is not covered by a waxy cuticle which would prevent absorption of water.
root hairs: extensions of root epidermal cell that increase the surface area of the root and greatly contribute to the absorption of water and minerals.
trichomes: small hairlike or spikey outgrowths of epidermal tissue, may be present on the stem and leaves, and aid in defense against herbivores.

48
Q

ground tissue:

A

carries out different functions based on the cell type and location in the plant.

parenchyma: photosynthesis in the leaves, and storage in the roots.
collenchyma: shoot support in areas of active growth.
schlerenchyma: shoot support in areas where growth has ceased.

49
Q

vascular tissue:

A

transports water, minerals, and sugars to different parts of the plant.

xylem tissue: transports water and nutrients from the roots to different parts of the plant; plays a role in structural support in the stem.
phloem tissue: transports organic compounds from the site of photosynthesis to other parts of the plant.

the xylem and phloem always lie adjacent to each other in a vascular bundle.

50
Q

meristematic tissues:

A

cells or group of cells that have the ability to divide; consist of small, densely packed cells that can keep dividing to form new cells. characterized by small cells, thin cell walls, large cell nuclei, absent or small vacuoles, and no intercellular spaces.

51
Q

auxin:

A

a plant hormone that is released by cells in actively growing area and controls cells below and behind them.

52
Q

the leaf:

A 
UPPER AND MIDDLE LEAF: 
- cuticle (dermal)
- mesophyll (ground)
>>>> palisade
>>>> spongy parenchyma (ground)
- veins formed of vascular bundles: xylem and phloem

LOWER LEAF

  • guard cells
  • stomata (stoma) – for gas exchange (dermal)
53
Q

stem:

A
  • contains vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
  • main functions: physical support and transportation of water, nutrients and sugars

KEY FEATURES:

  • xylem
  • phloem
  • lignin (chollenchyma – ground)
  • vascular bundles (xylem + phloem)
54
Q

the roots:

A
  • contains ground tissue (cortex)
  • anchor plant to ground
  • allow it to take up water and minerals
  • storage in some plants
  • apical meristem (root tip)

KET FEATURES:

  • cortex
  • pericycle
  • endodermis
  • root hairs
  • taproot vs fibrous roots
55
Q

the flower:

A
  • reproductive organ
  • does not take part in plant maintenance
  • parts of flower specialized leaves
  • pollination: wind or animal/insect

KEY FEATURES:

  • pollen
  • ethylene gas (causes fruit ripening)
  • seed
  • fruit (plant ovary)
56
Q

transpiration:

A

the evaporation of water from leaves.

guard cells become curved when filled with water and force the stomata open. the guard cells collapse on themselves as they lose water, diminishing the water loss in the cell.

57
Q

root system:

A

an organ system in a plant which takes in water and minerals from the soil and transports these substances to the shoot system.

58
Q

shoot system:

A

an organ system in a plant which supports the plant, performs photosynthesis, and transports sap.

59
Q

how the root and shoot systems work together to transport water / nutrients:

A

the root hairs on the roots of the plant help the roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil. the nutrients and water move towards the xylem at the center of the root and are pushed into the xylem vessels with help from the endodermis, which helps to control the passage of water and minerals from the cortex to the vascular tissue. as root cells bring water and nutrients to the xylem, the mineral concentration increases the tendency of water to diffuse into the root xylem by osmosis. as water flows in, root pressure builds in the xylem vessels, forcing fluid up the xylem.

60
Q

photosynthesis equation:

A

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

61
Q

medical imaging technologies:

A

x-ray
x-ray radiation through tissue

CT/CAT scan
x-ray thin slices of part, computer reconstruction

ultrasound
sound waves, shows movement

MRI
radio signals in magnetic field

62
Q

open and closed blood flow systems:

A

open: blood pumped into body cavities
- one vessel
- cells bathe organs
- muscles circulate blood
- snails, insects, crustaceans

closed: blood contained in vessels
- complex organisms

63
Q

blood:

A
  • 55% plasma
  • 45% cellular

red blood cells

  • last 120 days
  • hemoglobin binds O2, CO & CO2

white blood cells

  • live for years
  • immune response

platelets
- clotting & healing

64
Q

types of tissues:

A

epithelial

  • squamous, cuboidal, columnar
  • form barriers, secrete mucous, absorb

muscle

  • skeletal, smooth, cardiac
  • change shape: shorten/lengthen to contract

nervous

  • neurons
  • relay signals, receive information
  • coordinate actions

connective

  • bone, fat (adipose)
  • blood (liquid tissue)
  • strengthens, supports, connects, binds
65
Q

cell hierarchy:

A

cells, tissues, organs, systems.

66
Q

stem cells:

A

totipotent = can become any cell type
- embryonic

pluripotent = can become some cell types

  • adult
  • e.g. – skin stem cells repair skin

induced pluripotent = made to be different type
- viruses

67
Q

unicellar:

A

specialized organelles.

68
Q

multicellular:

A

specialized tissues.

69
Q

blood vessels:

A

arteries:

  • carry blood away from the heart to tissues
  • thick muscular walls
  • withstands high pressure blood
  • split into arterioles and then capillaries
  • found deeper in the body

capillaries:

  • are extremely small with thins walls (1 epithelial cell thick)
  • capillary beds found around key tissues and organs in the body
  • O₂ and nutrients diffuse out of the blood to the tissues and CO₂ and waste diffuse in to be carried away

veins:

  • capillaries become venules, which come together and become veins
  • carry blood towards the heart away from tissues
  • thinner walls than arteries
  • valves prevent backflow
70
Q

blood pressue:

A

diastole
- blood pressure when the heart is relaxed

systole
- blood pressure when the heart is pumping

“lub” sound
- bicuspid and tricuspid valves closing

“dub” sound
- pulmonary and aortic valves closing

71
Q

cardiac disorders:

A

Atherosclerosis
fat deposits block arterial lumen

Arteriosclerosis
fat deposits cause artery to harden
may cause clotting

Heart failure
Heart fails to pump blood efficiently

Myocardial infarctions (heart attack)
Blockage in coronary artery

Grade 10 Science (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions