BIO321 Weeks 6-10

Question 1

5 major strategies animals use to avoid overheating

Answer 1

Behavioral thermoregulation, evaporative cooling, specialized appendages, large body size with adaptive heterothermy, estivation

Question 2

When ground squirrels go above ground their body temp rises to 42-43C for a short time, then they go back to borrow and lie down (sploot) to lose excess heat before going back out.

Answer 2

heat loading and dumping

Question 3

1 male/ 1 female

Answer 3

monogamy

Question 4

1 male/ multiple females

Answer 4

polygyny

Question 5

1 female/ multiple males

Answer 5

polyandry

Question 6

many males and females

Answer 6

promiscuity or polygynandry

Question 7

Most common breeding strategy in mammals

Answer 7

polygyny

Question 8

Four main categories of polygyny

Answer 8

female defense, resource defense, leks, scramble

Question 9

Males come to claim and protect female group from other males and prevent females from leaving. They travel with females during breeding season.

Answer 9

Female defense

Question 10

Species don’t live in groups, but key resources may be clumped. Males defend areas containing key resources (food, nesting site, etc) and females choose to enter and leave

Answer 10

resource defense

Question 11

Males defend territories that are small and contain no resources, they are mostly symbolic. Females visit to assess males, copulate with their choice, and leave. Females and resources are widely distributed, so this makes finding a mate easier.

Answer 11

leks

Question 12

Females widely dispersed, don’t associate with other females or males. During mating season, males become highly mobile, mating with as many females as they can find during brief period of estrus

Answer 12

scramble polygyny

Question 13

monogamy when population densities are low

Answer 13

facultative

Question 14

monogamy when male parental care is essential for offspring survival

Answer 14

obligate

Question 15

one estrus cycle per year

Answer 15

monestrous

Question 16

multiple estrous cycles per year

Answer 16

polyestrous

Question 17

In most mammal species, males store testes in ______ during off season

Answer 17

abdomen

Question 18

Males with descended testes

Answer 18

scrotal/testicular

Question 19

failure of testes to descend

Answer 19

cryptorchidism

Question 20

How do male cetaceans keep internal testes cool?

Answer 20

with veins that run from dorsal fin and flukes

Question 21

Which mammal group has females with bifurcate vagina and paired uterus?

Answer 21

marsupials

Question 22

2 separate uteri with own cervix

Answer 22

duplex

Question 23

2 uterine horns with single cervix

Answer 23

bipartite

Question 24

curved uterine horns fused distally

Answer 24

bicornate

Question 25

single fused uterus

Answer 25

simplex

Question 26

Possible functions of baculum

Answer 26

protect urethra during copulation, sperm competition, stimulates female ovulation, signals male quality

Question 27

when a pregnant female is exposed to the odor of unfamiliar male, she will spontaneously abort and immediately enter estrus

Answer 27

bruce effect

Question 28

name for early embryotic cells once it reaches uterus

Answer 28

blastocyst

Question 29

3 key membranes in an amniotic egg

Answer 29

amnion, allantois, chorion

Question 30

contains waste in amniotic egg

Answer 30

allantois

Question 31

allows for gas exchange in amniotic egg

Answer 31

chorion

Question 32

Placenta type of metatherians

Answer 32

choriovitelline placenta

Question 33

Placenta type of eutherians

Answer 33

chorioallantoic placenta

Question 34

Term for young that are born helpless and blind

Answer 34

altricial

Question 35

Term for young that are born well-developed

Answer 35

precocial

Question 36

building up energy stores prior to parturition

Answer 36

capital breeders

Question 37

use resources at time of parturition

Answer 37

income breeders

Question 38

3 body regions where mammae are located on a reproductive female

Answer 38

pectoral, abdominal, or inguinal

Question 39

What is the current hypothesis for how lactation evolved?

Answer 39

Possible that mammals originally extruded milk as anti-microbial for eggs

Question 40

What 4 strategies do lactating mothers take to meet the energetic demands of lactation?

Answer 40

Increase food intake, switch diet to more energetic foods, decrease activity, metabolize fat stores

Question 41

father of zoogeography

Answer 41

Alfred Russel Wallace