BIO120: vocab for final Flashcards
Skeletal muscle tissue
Striated or not
Voluntary or not
Location
Striated
Voluntary
Attached to bones
Cardiac muscle tissue
-Striated or not
Voluntary or not
-Location
- Striated
- Involuntary
- Heart
Smooth muscle tissue
- Striated or not
- Voluntary or not
- Location
-Nonstriated
-Involuntary
GI tract (digestion)
Functions of muscular tissue
Producing body movements
Stabilizing body positions
Moving substances within the body
Generating heat
Properties that enable muscle to function and contribute to homeostasis
Excitability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity
Layers of muscle tissue
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
Epimysium
Outer layer of muscle tissue
Perimysium
Surrounds groups of muscle fibers separating them into groups called fascicles
Fascicles
Muscle fiber groups surrounded by the Perimysium
Endomysium
Inner layer of each fascicle and separates individual muscle fibers from one another
Tendon
attaches muscle to bone
Aponeurosis
Broad, flattened tendon
Muscle growth occurs by _________
Hypertrophy
What hormones cause muscle growth
Testosterone, human growth hormone
Sacromeres
Basic functional unit of a microfifbril
Contractile proteins
Myosin
Actin
Myosin
-What it looks like
Projections of each Myosin molecule protrude outward (myosin head) looks like a golf club
Actin
-Function
Provide a site where the Myosin head can attach
Structural proteins
Titin
Dystrophin
Titin (function)
Helps with stabilizing, extensibility, alignment
Dystrophin (function)
Very elastic. Helps muscle retain its shape
What is the main neurotransmitter and why is it so important
ACh
Muscle cannot move without it
The bacterium Clostridium botulinum (botulism) produces________
Botulinum toxin
What does Botulinum toxin do
What medicine is it used for
Blocks release of ACh from synaptic vesicles (therefore muscles cannot move)
Botox
Botox is used to treat:
Strabismus,
Blepharospasm,
Spasms of the vocal cords that interfere with speech,
alleviate chronic back pain due to muscle spasms in the lumbar region,
treating frown lines, wrinkles on the face and neck such as crows feet, forehead lines
Strabismus
How is it treated
Cross eyed
Botox
Blepharospasm
How is it treated
Uncontrollable blinking
Botox
Myasthenia gravis
what is it (symptoms)
An autoimmune disease leading to muscle weakness and fatigue
Muscles that control eye and eyelid movement, facial expressions, chewing, talking, and swallowing are especially suseptible
Function of anticholinesterase agents
What disease does it treat
Slow actions of acetycholinesterase which breaks down ACh (therefore ACh will stay in the synaptic cleft for longer)
Treatment for myasthenia gravis
Curare
Causes muscle paralysis by blocking ACh receptors
Creatine phosphate
Excess ATP is used to synthesize creatine phosphate
Energy rich molecule
Types of contractions
Isotonic
Isometric
Isotonic contraction
- what is it
- example
- The tension developed remains constant while the muscle changed in length
- lifting weights
Isometric contraction
- what is it
- example
- The tension generated is not enough for the object to be moved and the muscle does not change its length
- pushing a wall
Where is smooth muscle tissue found
- Walls of airways to the lungs
- Muscles that attach to hair follicles
- Muscles that adjust focus of the lens in the eye
- Gastrointestinal tract
Types of muscular tissue
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Another name for sensory neurons
Afferent
Function of sensory neurons
Deliver information from sensory receptors to the CNS
Another name for motor neurons
efferent
Function of motor neurons
Travel from the CNS to the peripheral effectors (muscles and glands) and produce an effect
Interneurons
- another name
- what nervous system (CNS or PNS)
- where exactly found
Association neurons
CNS
Between sensory and motor neurons
Two types of nervous tissue
Neurons (nerve cells)
Neuroglia
Nerve cells (neurons)
basic functional units of the nervous system
True or false, neurons possess electrical excitibilty
True
What is electrical excitibility
Responding to a stimulus and converting it into an action potential
Another word for a nerve impulse
Action potential
Parts of the cell body
Nucleus Cytoskeleton Mitochrondria Ribosomes Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum RER Nissel bodies
Cytoskeleton
- Location
- Function
Inside cytoplasm
Helps give shape
Mitochondria
-function
Produce ATP (energy)
Ribosomes
-function
Protein synthesis
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
-what do they contain
Ribosomes
Nissel bodies
- stain light or dark
- what do they contain
Dark
Clusters of RER and free ribosomes
Most neurons lack _______, therefore, CNS neurons cannot divide and cannot be replaced
Centrioles
Dendrites
- Look
- function
Highly branched
Receive information from other neurons
Axons
- Look
- Function
- Thickened region where the axon attaches to the cell body
Long processes
Sends signals away from the neuron
Axon Hillock
The axon ends at ________
Synaptic terminals
Synaptic cleft
A narrow space that separates the presynaptic cell from the postsynaptic cell
Synapse
Where cells come together
Bipolar neurons
- what they look like, or are made of
- commonality
- location
One dendrite, one axon
Rare
Found in special sense organs (eye)
Unipolar neurons
-look
Dendrites and axons are continuous
The cell body lies off to the side
Multipolar neurons
- commonality
- nervous system
Most common
CNS
True or false, Neuroglia generate action potentials
False
Another word for neuroglia
Glia
Two places where Neuroglia can be found
CNS and PNS
Cells of Neuroglia in the CNS
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal
Astrocytes
- found in Neuroglia of what system
- shape, size
- commonality
- Create a ________ for the CNS
- Controls ___________
- CNS
- Star shaped, largest
- Most numerous
- Creates a 3 dimensional framework for the CNS
- Controls the interstitial environment (between the cells)
What type of cell is associated with the blood brain barrier and in what nervous system
Astrocytes (Neuroglia of the CNS)
Function of the blood brain barrier and what can pass through it
- Keeps harmful things out of the brain
- Oxygen, glucose, CO2, water
Oligondendrocytes
- nervous system
- forms the __________
- How many axons can it myelinate
- Neurglia of the CNS
- forms the myelin sheath around the CNS axons
- May myelinate several axons
What is the purpose of the myelin sheath
Makes action potentials go faster
Microglia
- Nervous system
- size
- function
- Neuoglia of the CNS
- small cells
- Phagocytosis
Ependymal cells
- Nervous system
- location
- Neuoglia of the CNS
- line the central canal and the ventricles
Neuroglia of the PNS
Schwann cells
Satellite cells
Schwann cells
- Nervous system
- function
- How many axons will it myelinate
- Neuroglia of the PNS
- encircle PNS axons, forms the myelin sheath
- a single Schwann cell will myelinate a single axon
Schwann cell of the PNS has the same function as the_________ of the CNS
Oligodendrocytes
Satellite cells
- Nervous syetm
- function
- Neuroglia of the PNS
- structural support
What is myelin made of
Lipid and protein
Myelinated vs unmyelinated
Myelin sheath makes action potential go faster
Gaps in the myelin sheath
Nodes of Ranveir
Demyelination
- what it is
- symptoms
Destruction of the myelin sheath
-Loss of sensation, motor control, numbnuss, paralysis
What causes demyelination
Heavy metal poisoning- arsenic, lead mercury
What is a disease of demyelination
Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis
- what it is
- what problems does it cause
- what group of people does it most commonly occur in
- autoimmune disease
- problems with speech, motor control, eyesight
- more common in women ages 30-40
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
- How do you get it
- what are the symptoms
- prognosis
- Occasionally after immunization
- weakness, tingling in the arms
- usually goes away but can be permanent
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine (ACh) Norepinephrine (NE) Epinepherine Dopamine Endorphins
What does dopamine do and what is the disease you get when you have no dopamine
Helps to regulate muscle tone
Parkinsons disease
Endorphins
- classification
- effects of them
-Opioid
-highest analgesic effect
-similar effects as opium and morphine
Runners high
Ways in which a neuroransmitter is removed
Diffusion (high to low)
Enzymatic degeneration (enzymes will break down the neurotransmitter….acetylcholinsterase will break down acetylcholine)
Uptake by neurons or glia cells
Ways in which neurotransmitters can be modified
Synthesis can be stimulated or inhibited
Release can be blocked or enhanced
Removal can be stimulated or blocked
Receptor site can be blocked or activated
Agonist
anything that enhances a traansmitters effects
Antagonist
anything that blocks the action of a neurotransmitter
Extracellular fluid
- cations or anions
- molecules associated
- positive or negative
- cations
- Na+ and Ca++
- Positive
Intracellular fluid
- cations or anions
- molecules associated
- positive or negative
- anions
- K+
- Negative
Classification of nerve fibers
A fibers
B fibers
C fibers
A Fibers
- size
- myelinated or not
- speed
- largest
- myelinated
- fastest
B Fibers
- size
- myelinated or not
- speed
- medium sized
- myelinated
- somewhat fast
C Fibers
- size
- myelinated or not
- speed
- smallest
- not myelinated
- slowest
The Central nervous system includes what body parts
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system includes ______ and ______nerves
spinal and cranial
Two nervous systems within the peripheral nervous system
Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
Parts of the Autonomic nervous system (PNS) and their functions
Sympathetic nervous system (epinephrine, adreniline)- activated by anger, stress or fear, more blood rushes into skeletal muscles and heart is stronger. Fight or flight
Parasympathetic nervous system- formation of urine (bodily functions), rest and digest
Neurons vs Neuroglia
- Neurons have action potential (respond to a stimulus and convert it into action potential)(electrical excitibility), neuroglia do not
- Neurons have little or no damage repair (injury to brain or spinal cord is usually permanent), Schwann cells of the Neuroglia in the PNS participate in axon regeneration
Veretbral column includes what parts and what is the function of the vertabrae
Spine, backbone, spinal column
The vertabrae enclose and protect the spinal cord
Vertebral canal
-what is it formed by
-formed by the vertebral foramina of all the vertabrae (spinal cord runs through this)
Spinal cord anatomy
- length
- diameter
- at what vertebrae does it end
- 16-18 inches in length
- .75 inches in diameter
- ends between L1 and L2
Where is the anterior median fissure found
Ventral (front, anterior)
Where is the posterior median sulcus found
Dorsal (back, posterior)
What is found at the end of the spinal cord
The Conus Medullaris
What is referred to as the horses tail and descends vertically and obliquly from the conus medullaris
Cauda equina
Filum terminale
- nickname
- what does it anchor to
Terminal thread
anchors to the coccyx
Meninges
Tough connective tissue surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord. three layers
Layers of the meninges
Dura mater
Aarachoid Mater
Pia Mater
Dura Mater
- location
- width
- Outermost
- thick
Arachnoid mater
- what it looks like
- what type of tissue
- location
- webbed
- connective tissue
- Middle
Pia Mater
- location
- Many _______ for oxygen and nutrients
- What does it adhere to
- Inner
- Blood vessels
- surface of the spinal cord and brain
Spinal tap
- what is administered
- where is the needle inserted
- what is withdrawn and why
- anestethic
- inserted into the subarachnoid space usually L3-L4 or L4-L5
- Withdraw cerebrospinal fluid to diagnose a patients problem
What protects the spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid
Meninges
Denticulate ligaments
What are denticulate ligaments
Extentions of the pia mater that fuse with the inner surface of the dura mater
Protect the spinal cord
How many pairs of spinal nerves and where do they exit from
31 pairs
exit from the intervertebral foramina
What does it mean that spinal nerves are mixed
they have both afferent and efferent fibers
Which root are the afferent fibers found on
posterior (dorsal)
Which root are the efferent fibers found on
anterior (ventral)
What is a root
A bundle of axons
Dorsal posterior root
- What does it contain
- what does it conduct
- sensory axons
- nerve impluses from sensory receptors (skin, muscles, internal organs) into the CNS
Ventral (anterior) root
- what does it contain
- what does it conduct
- axons of motor neurons
- conducts nerve impulses from the CNS to effectors
What does the Cervical plexus contain
Phrenic nerve
Where does the Phrenic nerve innervate
the diaphram
What does the Brachial plexus supply and what nerves does it contain
Supplies the shoulders and upper limbs Axillary nerve Radial nerve Median nerve Ulnar nerve
What nerve is found in the lLumbar plexus
Femoral nerve
Where is the femoral nerve located
anterior and medial aspect of the leg
What nerve does the sacral plexus contain
Sciatic nerve
Where is the Sciatic nerve located and what is its size
Posterior and lateral aspect of the leg
Largest nerve in the body
(injections in the buttox should avoid this nerve)
What do the brain and spinal cord develop from and where does this take place
Ectoderm
neural tube
Prosencephalon becomes__________ which becomes the _________
forebrain which becomes the cerebrum
Mesencephalon becomes the ________
Midbrain
Rhombencephalon becomes _______ which is continuous with the _______
Hindbrain
Spinal cord
What usually does not pass through the blood brain barrier
Proteins and antibiotics
Major parts of the brain
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Cerebrum
What is the brain stem and where is it located
continuation of the spinal cord
between the spinal cord and the diencephalon
Major parts of the brain stem
Medulla Oblongata
Pons
Midbrain
What are the two vital centers of the Medulla Oblongata and what do they control
What reflexes does it control
Cardiovascular center (rate of heart, strength of contractions) Respiratory center (rhythm of breathing) Vomitting, swallowing, hiccupping, coughing
What is the Pons nicknamed and what is its purpose
Bridge
Signals for voluntary movement from the cerebral cortex are relayed through the pons and into the cerebellum
Midbrain
- what movements does it coordinate
- what are these movements in response to
- example
- head, eyes and trunk
- auditory and visual stimuli
- eyes, head and trunk will respond to auditory stiimuli
Cerebellum -size -primary function -coordinates \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ surface area is \_\_\_\_\_\_ to increase to number of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
- second largest part of the brain
- coordinates skilled movements
- surface area is highly folded to increase the number of neurons
If the Cerebellum is damaged, one may get ________
- what does this disase pprevent you from doing
- example
Ataxia
- cannot coordinate skilled movements
- ex: cannot touch nose with eyes closed
What is the frontal lobe associated with
reasoning, planning and problem solving
What is the parietal lobe associated with
perception of stimuli
What is the occipital lobe associated with
visual processing
what is the temporal lobe associated with
regognition of auditory stimuli
Limbic system
- ______of structures
- location
- nickname and why
- what else is it involved with
- ring
- inner border of the cerebrum
- emotional brain as it governs aspects of behavior
- olfaction and memory (smells bring back memories)
What are the three extensions of the Dura Mater that separate parts of the brain
Falx cerebri
Falx Cerabelli
Tentorium cerebelli
What does the falx cerebri separate
the two cerebral hemispheres
What does the falx cerebelli separate
the two cerebellar hemispheres
What does the tentorium cerebelli separate
cerebrum from the cerebellum
What is the sensory area of the cerebral cortex and which lobe is it found in
Primary visual area in the Occipital lobe (processing)
How many cranial nerves are there
12
Which nerve is 1 and what is the function
Olfactory
smell
What nerve is 2 and what is the function
Optic
vision
What nerve is 3 and what is the function
Occulomotor
eye movement
Diseases caused by damage to the 3 nerve and what they are
Strabismus- eyes arent focused together (cross eyed)
Ptosis- drooping of eyelids
Strabismus
-what nerve and number
3, Occulomotor
Ptosis
-what nerve and number
3, occulomotor
What nerve is 4 and what are its functions
eye movement
Trocheal
What nerve is 5
- size
- names of branches
- disease associated
Trigeminal
-largest cranial nerve
Branches: Ophthalmic, Maxillary, Mandibular
-Trigeninal neuralgia (tic douloureux)- pain in the nerve
What parts of the body are included in the Ophthalmic branch and what nerve is it part of (name and number)
What is another name for this branch
eye, nose, forehead
Trigeminal, 5
V1
What parts of the body are included in the Maxillary branch and what nerve is it associated with (name and number)
What is another name for this branch
Upper jaw, upper teeth, part of the nose, cheek
Trigeminal, 5
V2
What parts of the body are affected by the Mandibular branch
What nerve is it associated with (name and number)
What is another name for the branch
Lower jaw, tongue (part of it)
Trigeminal, 5
V3
What is pain in the nerve branches of 5 called
What nerve is 5
Trigeninal neuralgia
Trigeminal
What is nerve 6 and what are its functions
Abducens
eye movement
What is nerve 7 and what are its functions
Facial
Facial expressions
What is Bells Palsy and what nerve is it associated with (name and number)
half of the face become paralzed and droops, mistaken often for a stroke (eye droops, drooling)
Damage to the facial nerve (7)
Caused by stress or trauma, can go away
what is nerve 8 and what are its functions
Vestibulocochlear
equilibrium, hearing
Tinitus and Vertigo: what are they are what are they caused by
-Tinitus: ringing in the ears
-Vertigo: dizziness
Caused by damage to the Vestibulocochlear nerve (8)
What is nerve 9 and what are its functions
Glossopharyngeal
tongue and throat (swallowing)
What is nerve 10 and where is it located
Vagus
Called the wanderer because located all over the body
(bad stomach ache could be a heart attack)
What is nerve 11 and what are its functions
Accessory
Coordinates head movements
Function of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles and what could be damaged if they arent working
lifting shoulders, turning head Accessory nerve (11)
Nerve 12 and its function
Hypoglossal
Muscles of the tongue, speech and swallowing
Tongue will swerve (angle) to affected side if the nerve is damaged
If the tongue swerves to the side, what nerve (name and number) could be damaged
Hypoglossal
Parts of the brain stem
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain
Brain stem location
Between the spinal cord and the diancephalon
Centers of the medulla and their functions
Cardiovascular center: rate of the heart
Respiratory center: rhythm of breathing
Reflexes of the medulla
Vomiting
Swallowing
Hiccuping
Coughing
Pons
What part of the brain is it found in
What is it nicknamed and why
Brain stem
Bridge
Signals for voluntary movement from the cerebral cortex are related through the pons and into the cerebellum
Midbrain
What part of the brain is it in
What is its function
Brain stem
Coordinates head eyes and trunk
Cerebellum
Size
Location
Second largest part of the brain
Inferior and posterior part
Primary function of the cerebellum
Evaluates how well movements initiated in the cerebrum are being carried out
Coordinates skilled movements
Why is the surface area of the cerebellum highly folded
So there could be more neurons
If the cerebellum is damaged, what disease can you get
Ataxia
What parts are in the diancephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Size of the thalamus
Part of the brain
Makes up 80% of the diancephalon
What is the function of the thalamus
Major relay station for most sensory impulses
Size of hypothalamus and functions
Small
Homeostasis
Comtrols activities of the ANS
What does the epithalamus contain
What part of the brain is it in
The pineal gland. Secretes melatonin
Diancephalon
What is the nickname of the cerebrum
Seat of intelligence
What is the outer layer of the cerebrum called
Cerebral cortex
Gray matter
Gyri
Folds
Fissures
Deep grooves between folds
Sulci
Shallow grooves between the folds
What is the most prominent fissure and what does it divide
Longitudinal fissure
Divides the cerebrum into right and left halves
What part of the brain is the limbic system in
Inner layer of the cerebrum
