BIO 120: Definitions test 2 Flashcards
Morula
Solid sphere of cells (about the same size as original zygote)
Zygote
Mature fertilized egg
Blastula
Hollow ball of cells
Gastrulation
Cells on one side of the blastula move inward (indentation)
Gastrula layers
Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm location and what it becomes
Outer layer
Epidermis, Nervous system
Endoderm
Inner layer
Digestive, Respiratory systems, portions of liver and pancreas
Mesoderm
Middle layer
Muscular, skeletal, circulatory, excretory, reproductive systems
Differentiation
Cells become arranged into specialized structures. Become specialized for a specific function (during gastrula stage)
Ectopic pregnancy
Embryo doesnt make it to the uterus, starts forming somewhere else
Fatal
How are dizygotic twins produced
2 eggs are released and fertilized by separate sperm
How are monozygotic twins produced
Develop from a single fertilized egg
Late separation results in conjoined twins
Spina bifida
Incomplete closing of the backbone
What to take to prevent spina bifida
folic acid
Drugs that cause birth defects
Thalidomide, Thalomid
Tetracyline
Streptomycin
Thalidomide, Thalomid results
Causes short or missing limbs
Tetracyline
Banding of permanent teeth
Streptomycin
Hearing problems in offspring
Apoptosis
“Programmed cell death”
Gets rid of webbing of toes and fingers, it is a good thing
Trait
Specific characteristic of an organism
Alleles
Varient forms of a trait
How many alleles does an orgamism inherit
Two, one from each parent
Homozygous
Same alleles
Heterozygous
Different alleles
Dominant
A trait that masks the other trait
Always shows in effect over the other
Designated by a capital letter
Recessive
The trait that is masked
Only shows when pure
Designated by lower case
Genotype
Set of genes in our DNA that is responsible for a particular trait
(Pp, PP,pp)
Phenotype
Physical expression or characteristics of a trait
brown eyes, blue eyes
Punnett Square
A diagram used to predict an outcome of a particular cross breeding experiment
Trisomy 21, Downs syndrome
Extra copy of chromosome 21
Causes delay in the way a child develops, both mentally and physically
Woman age 35 and older have a higher change of giving birth to someone with condition
Heart murmurs, intestine, ear, breathing problems (sleep apnea), eye problems, underactive thyroid, hypothyroidism
Klinefelter syndrome
additional X in males (XXY) (47)
Small testes that do not produce as much testosterone as usual
Imcomplete puberty, breast enlargement (gynecomastia), reduced facial and body hair, inability to have biological children (infertility)
Turner syndrome
When one normal X is present and the other is missing or altered (XO)
Early loss of ovarian function, no periods, no breasts, cannt have children, short and webbed neck, low set ears, low hairline at back of neck, short stature, swollen hands and feet at birth
Endometrium
inner lining of the uterus
cleavage
specific type of mitosis. during formation of zygote
Tissue
A group of cells
Histology
looking at tissues or cells under the microscope
Pathologist
studies cells, tissues
Where is epithelial tissue found
Inner linings of blood vessels, interior of respiritory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems.
in hollow organs
Functions of epithelial tissue
Covering and lining epithelium. Keeps bacteria out
Layers of epithelial tissue
simple, stratifies, pseudostratified
Simple epithelium
Single layer of cells
Stratified epithelium
two or more layers of cells, protection
pseudostratified epithelium
appear to have mulitple layers
Squamous (shape)
irregular, thin
Squamous (function)
Allows for passage of substances rapidly (o2)
Cuboidal
as tall as they are wide, shaped like cubes or hexagons
Columnar
Taller than they are wide
Transitional (shape)
Can change shape. Can withstand stretching
Transitional (location)
Urinary system
Simple squamous epithelium
single layer of cells. Squamous shaped. Rapid diffusion in lungs
Stratified epithelium
two or more layers of cells. More durable (skin)
Types of stratified epithelium (2)
Keritinized and non keritinized
Keritinized
Contains the protein keratin. Found in superficial layers of skin
Nonkeritinized
Found in the mouth and esophagus
Glandular epithelium
Forms glands
Two types of glandular epithelium
Endocrine glands and exocrine glands
Endocrine glands
hormones. Go directly INto the blood stream
Exocrine glands
secrete product into ducts that empty onto the surfaces of the epithelium Examples are sudoriferous (sweat) glands, mucus, oil, earwax, digestive enzymes
Functions of connective tissue
Binds tissues together, supports and strengthens other body tissue, protects and insulates internal organs, energy reserves and immune responses, compartmentalize
Only type of connective tissue that is avascular
cartilage
Extracellular matrix
unique to connective tissue, material located between the cells.consists of two parts
Two parts of extracellular matrix
Fibers and ground substance
Types of fibers
Collagen, elastic, reticular (stroma)
Ground substance
Between cells and fibers
Fluid, semifluid, gelatinous of calcified
Stroma
Found in reticular fibers. Framework
Connective tissue cells
Fibroblasts, adipocytes, mast cells, white blood cells, macrophages, plasma cells
Fibroblasts
secrete fibers and components of ground substance
Adipocytes
(fat cells) store triglycerides (fat)
Mast cells
produce hystamine (allergic reactions)
White blood cells
immune response (neutrophil and eosinophils)
Macrophages
engulf bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis
Plasma cells
Secrete antibodies
Classification of connective tissues
Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone, liquid connective tissue
Loose connective tissue
Areolar, adipose, reticular
Dense connective tissue
Dense regalr, dense irregular, elastic
Cartilage
Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage
Bone
compact and spongy
Liquid
Blood and lymph
About areolar (loose connective tissue)
fibers are arranged randomly, fibers are loosely arranged, most widely distributed in the body
Has all three types of fibers
About adipose (loose connective)
Good for insulation (protects organs, kidneys dropping with weight loss) and energy reserves
Contains adipocytes
About Reticular (loose connective)
Forms the stroma (framework)
Liver spleen and lymph nodes
About Dense regular connective tissue (dense connective tissue)
bundles of collagen fibers are regularly arranged in parallel patterns for strength
Tendons and most ligaments
About dense irregular connective tissue (dense connective tissue)
Collagen fibers are usually irregularly arranged
About Elastic connective tissue (dense connective tissue)
strong, can recoil to original shape after stretching
Lung tissues and arteries (stretching and coming back)
About Hyaline cartilage (cartilage)
Provides flexibility and support, reduces friction, most abundant in the body
Weakest of the three cartilages
Joints, stops bone on bone contact
About fibrocartilage (cartilage)
Strongest type of cartilage
Strength and rigidity
Found in intervertebral disk (between vertebrae)
About elastic cartilage (cartilage)
Maintains shape of certain structures (ear)
Compact bone (osseous, bone tissue)
basic unit is the osteon or haversian system
Concentric rings , go around in circles
Spongy bone (osseous, bone tissue)
lacks osteons, contains trabeculae instead
3 Types of muscular tissue
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Skeletal: involuntary or voluntaary
Voluntary
Skeletal: with or without striations
with striations
Cardiac muscle, involuntary or voluntary
involuntary
does cardiac muscle have striations
yes
what makes cardiac muscle unique
intercalated disks
Smooth muscle tissue, involuntary or voluntary
involuntary (digestion)
Smooth muscle tissue, striated or not
Not striated
Location of smooth muscle tissue
walls of hollow structures. (blood vessels, stomach and intestines)
What is nervous tissue made of
Neurons or nerve cells
parts of a neuron
cell body (contains nucleus), dendrite, axon
Neuroglia
support neurons
Sjogrens syndrome
Inflammation and destruction of exocrine glands (lacrimal glands, salivary glands) Dry mouth, eyes, nose, skin More common in women 50-60 Auto immune Eye drops, atrificial saliva
Systemic Lupus Eeythematosus (SLE) (Lupus)
Chronic inflammatory disease of connective tissue
Butterfly rash, painful joints, fatigue, kidney, liver, spleen, lungs
Auto immune
Marfan syndrome
Tall, thin, long toes, fingers, arms and legs
Abnormal development of connective tissue. Walls of large arteries affected (commonly aorta)
Aneorisms often formed in the aorta, will burst
Any age, common at college age
The integumentary system
Skin and accesory structures including hair, nails, oil and sweat glands, and sensory receptors
Dermatology
The medical specialty for the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the integumentary system
Cutaneous membrane
The skin
Largest organ by surface area and weight
Average thickness of the skin
1-2mm
Functions of the skin
thermoregulation, blood reservoir, protection, cutaneous sensations, synthesis of vitamin d, excretion and absorbtion
Thermoregulation of skin
sweating if warm (blood vessels dialate), vessels constrict if cold
Blood resevoir (skin)
blood under skin
Protection (skin)
keratin, perspiration, slows growth of many microbes. Langerhans cells (immunity), melanin (protection from UV rays)
Cutaneous sensations of the skin
touch things with skin
Synthesis of vitamin D in skin
to absorb calcium
Excretion and absorbtion
absorbs: acetone (nail polish), carbon tetrachloride (dry cleaning)
eliminates: water, salts, co2, ammonia, urea
Layers of skin
Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
Epidermis
Outer, thinner layer
Stratified squamous epithelium
Dermis
Inner thicker layer
Two layers: papillary and reticular
Hypodermis (subcutaneous, SubQ)
Beneath the dermis
Attatches the skin to underlying tissues and organs
What type of tissue is the epidermis composed of
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Cells in the epidermis
Keretinocytes, Melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells
Keratinocytes
produce keratin and lamellar granules (produces a sealant to prevent too much water from going in or out)
Melanocytes
produce melanin
Langehans cells
immune response
Merkel cells
sense of touch
Layers of the epidermis (bottom to top)
stratum basal, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
Stratum basal or stratum germativum
deepest layer of epidermis. basal cells (stem cells)
Stratum lucidum Absent in ____ skin
absent in thin skin. Only in thick skin
Startum corneum
Outermost (most superficial) layer
25-30 layers of dead keratinocytes
Protection
Between cells- material from lamellar granduales (produce sealant)
Dermis layers
Papillary and reticular
Papillary
outer layer
Dermal papillae- fingerlike structures
Reticular region
deeper than the papillary region
Keratinization
newly formed cells are pushed to the surface. Accumulate more keratin
Dandruff
excessive amount of keratinocytes are shed from the surface
Psorasis
often knees, elbows and scalp. Keratinocytes divide and move more quickly- are being shed prematurely
Get flakey areas
Melanin
a yellow red or brown black pigment produced by melanocytes (located mostly in the epidermis)
The amount of melanin causes the skins color to vary
Melanocytes
manufacture melanin from amino acid tyrocine
Carotene
yellow orange pigment, accumulates in epidermis and fatty tissues of hypodermis (carrots, skin turns orange)
nevus or mole
A benign localized growth of melanocytes
Albinism
an inherited inability to produce melanin (sensitivity to sun in skin, eyes)
Vitiligo
a condition in which there is a partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin
Cyanotic
blue. lack of oxygen. nails, lips
Jaundice
yellow skin and or sclera (white of the eyes). liver problem
Erythema
redness. inflammation, infection, suburn (injury, infection, inflammation)
Pallor
pale, loss of color. face, palms.
shock or emotional stress
Functions of hair
protection
reduction of heat loss
sensing light touch
Shaft
projects above the surface of the skin
Root
penetrates into the dermis
Arrector pili muscle
smooth muscle that pulls on the follicle. (hair standing on a cats back)
Alopecia
partial or complete lack of hair
Lanugo
covers the body of the fetus. falls off after birth usually
Hirsutism
great amount of body hair. Possible tumor or adrenal gland, testes or ovaries
Sebaceous (oil) glands
secretes an oily substance called sebum
Prevents dehydration of hair and skin
Inhibits growth of certain bacteria
Sebum
antibacterial qualities, slows down bacterial growth
oily substance
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
Function to wash epidermal surface
Helps the body regulate body temperature- thermoregualtion
Two types: apocrine and merocrine sweat glands
Apocrine sweat glands
Limited distribution (axillae, groin, nipples)
produce viscous secretion (thick)
Strongly influenced by hormones
Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands
Found in most areas of the skin
Produce watery (thin) secretions with electrolytes
controlled primarily by nervous system
Important in thermoregulation and excretion
Some antibacterial action
Ceruminous glands
in the external ear, produce wax (cerumen)
Specialized sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)
exocrine, go through duct
Nails consist of…
free edge
transparent nail body with a whitish lunula at its base
Types of skin cancer
Basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, melanma (malignant melanoma)
Basal cell carcinoma
78% of all skin cancers
rarely metastasize (spread)
Locally invasive
Squamous cell carcinoma
A little more serious
about 20% of all skin cancers
Melanoma (malignant melanoma)
deadly
spread very quickly
Aging and the integrumentary system
wrinkling
decrease of skin immune responsiveness
dehydration and cracking of the skin
decreased sweat production
decreased number of functional melanocytes resulting in grey hair and atypical skin
pigmintation
Loss of subcuataneous fat (bruise easily)
General decerase in skin thickness
Increased susceptability to pathological conditions (less immune)(
growth of hair and nail decreases, nails may become brittle
Rosacea
redness, tiny pimples, noticable blood vessels
Usually in the central area of the face
Osseous tissue functions
Resevoir for calcuim (Ca) and phorphorus (P)
Blood cell production
Red bone marrow produces:
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Where in the body does the red bone marrow produce blood cells
hip, ribs, breast bone (sternum), vertabrae, skull, end of arm and thigh
Yellow bone marrow function
Triglyceride storage (stores fat cells)
As we age _____ bone marrow turns to ______bone marrow
red turns to yellow
Long bone
Longer than it is wide
Parts of a long bone
Diaphysis Epiphysis Articular cartilage Periosteum Medullary cavity Endosteum
Diaphysis
main portion, body, shaft
Epiphysis
end
Articular catilage
covers the epiphysis (end), made of hyaline cartilage
Periosteum
outer layer
Medullary cavity
marrow cavity
Endosteum
Inner, lines the internal bone facing the Medullary cavity
Osteoblasts
bone building cells
Osteocytes
mature bone cells
maintain metabolism of the bone
Osteoclasts
Release enzymes that resorb (break down) bone (resorption)
Drugs for osteoperosis target these
Matrix (%)
25% water
25% collagen fibers
50% crystallized mineral salts (calcium phosphate)
A process called ________ is initiated by bone building cells called osteoblasts
calcification
Mineral salts are deposited and crystalize in the framework formed by _________
collagen fibers of the extracellular matrix
Bones ________ depends on collagen fibers
flexibility
Tensile strength
resistence to being stretched, torn apart
From collagen
Calcification of mineral cells results in ______
bone
What supplies the periosteum and compact bone
Periosteal arteries and nerves
The periosteum is rich in ________ sensitive to tearing or tension
sensory nerves
Nurtient artery and foramen
Large artery and opening near the center of the diaphysis
Repeating structural units in compact bone
Osteons or haversian system
True or false, Spongy bone has osteons and haversian systems
False, they have trabeculae
Central haversian canal
Only in compact bone
Around the center canals are concentric lamellae, like rings of a tree
What is found between the lamellae and what is found inside of the things found between the lamellae
small spaces called lacunae which contain osteocytes
What radiates from all dirctions of the lacunae and what is its function
Canaliculi- carry nutrients and oxygen, connect lacunae and different osteocytes, transportation
True or false: spongy bone has osteons
False, they have trabeculae instead
Where are the trabaculae found and why are they found there
Found along the lines of stress, helps bones resist stresses without breaking
What do spaces between trabaculae do
Make the bone lighter
What occurs in spongy bone
Hemopoiesis (blood cell production)
Hormones that cause bone growth
estrogen and testosterone
Location of thyroid
neck (anterior)
Location of parathyroid
posterior part of the thyroid (4 tiny ones)
Parathyroid glands
Secrete ______________
helps _______ the blood calcium levels
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)(parathormone) raise
3 ways parathyroid hormone raises the blood calcium level
1) increases the activity of osteoclasts
2) acts on kidneys to decrease the loss of calcium in the urine
3) stimulates the formation of calcitriol
What is calcitriol
active form of vitamin D
Holds on the calcium (absorbs)
Thyroid gland
Secretes ________ which _______ activity of osteoclasts
Bone resorption is __________
This ________ blood calcium level
Calcitonin (CT)
inhibits
decreased
decreases
What is the opposite of calcitonin
calcitriol
Osteopenia
low bone mass
Osteoperosis
what happens, who gets it most, diagnosis, treatment
pourous bones fractures occur easily More common in women after menopause (less estrogen) Diagnosis: bone mineral density test treatment: medications
Two types of medicines for osteoporosis
Biophosphonates
Estrogen replacement therapy
(both are antiresorptives)
Biophosphonates
Fosomax
Actonel
Boniva
Rickets
inadequate calcification of the extacellular matrix
In children
(bowed legs)
Osteoartheritis
degeneration of articular cartilage (ends of bone)
bone on bone
Osteomalacia
adult rickets
deformity of skull, ribcage, pelvis, sternum)
Osteogenic sarcoma
bone cancer
usually develops in teens
occurs when teen is growing rapidly
Osteomyelitis
infection of the bone. Staph aureus
serious, requires hospitalization
Minerals involved with bone growth
calcium, flouride, phosphorus, magenese, magnesium
Vitamins involved with bone growth and their functions
A: stimulates activity of osteoclasts
C: needed for synthesis of collagen
D: increaing absorption of calcium from food in the gastrointetsinal tract into the blood stream
Open (compound) fracture
the broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin
Closed (simple) fracture
does not break the skin
easiest to fix
Commiunted fracture
bone is splintered, crushed or broken to pieces
hardest to fix
Impacted fracture
one end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the other
Stress fracture
a series of microscopic fissures in the bone (shin splintss, tibia)
from running on pavement
The Diebcephalon extends from the _______ to the ________
What are the parts of it
brain stem to the cerebrum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Thalamus
- Makes up 80% of the _______
- Major relay station for most_________
- Diencephalon
- sensory impulses
Hypothalamus
- size
- very important in ______
- controls many activities of the _______
- small
- homeostasis
- ANS (autonomic nervous system) (ex: digestion)
Epithalamus
-What gland does it contain and what does it secrete
Pineal gland Secretes melatonin (helps with sleep)
Cerebrum
-seat of ______
Intelligence
Whjat color matter is the Cerebral cortex made of and where is it (outer, middle, inner)
Gray matter
Outer
What are Gyri in the Cerebrum
folds
What are fissures in the Cerebrum
deep grooves between folds
What are Sulci in the Cerebrum
shallow grooves between folds
What is the longitudinal fissure in the cerebrum
most prominent fissure
separates the cerebrum into right and left halves called cerebral hemispheres
What are the four lobes of the brain
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
