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All Freshmen subjects > BIO 120: Definitions test 2 > Flashcards

BIO 120: Definitions test 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Morula

A

Solid sphere of cells (about the same size as original zygote)

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1
Q

Zygote

A

Mature fertilized egg

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2
Q

Blastula

A

Hollow ball of cells

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3
Q

Gastrulation

A

Cells on one side of the blastula move inward (indentation)

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4
Q

Gastrula layers

A

Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm

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5
Q

Ectoderm location and what it becomes

A

Outer layer

Epidermis, Nervous system

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6
Q

Endoderm

A

Inner layer

Digestive, Respiratory systems, portions of liver and pancreas

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7
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle layer

Muscular, skeletal, circulatory, excretory, reproductive systems

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8
Q

Differentiation

A

Cells become arranged into specialized structures. Become specialized for a specific function (during gastrula stage)

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9
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

Embryo doesnt make it to the uterus, starts forming somewhere else
Fatal

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10
Q

How are dizygotic twins produced

A

2 eggs are released and fertilized by separate sperm

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11
Q

How are monozygotic twins produced

A

Develop from a single fertilized egg

Late separation results in conjoined twins

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12
Q

Spina bifida

A

Incomplete closing of the backbone

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13
Q

What to take to prevent spina bifida

A

folic acid

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14
Q

Drugs that cause birth defects

A

Thalidomide, Thalomid
Tetracyline
Streptomycin

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15
Q

Thalidomide, Thalomid results

A

Causes short or missing limbs

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16
Q

Tetracyline

A

Banding of permanent teeth

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17
Q

Streptomycin

A

Hearing problems in offspring

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18
Q

Apoptosis

A

“Programmed cell death”

Gets rid of webbing of toes and fingers, it is a good thing

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19
Q

Trait

A

Specific characteristic of an organism

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20
Q

Alleles

A

Varient forms of a trait

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21
Q

How many alleles does an orgamism inherit

A

Two, one from each parent

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22
Q

Homozygous

A

Same alleles

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23
Q

Heterozygous

A

Different alleles

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24
Q

Dominant

A

A trait that masks the other trait
Always shows in effect over the other
Designated by a capital letter

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25
Q

Recessive

A

The trait that is masked
Only shows when pure
Designated by lower case

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26
Q

Genotype

A

Set of genes in our DNA that is responsible for a particular trait
(Pp, PP,pp)

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27
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical expression or characteristics of a trait

brown eyes, blue eyes

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28
Q

Punnett Square

A

A diagram used to predict an outcome of a particular cross breeding experiment

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29
Q

Trisomy 21, Downs syndrome

A

Extra copy of chromosome 21
Causes delay in the way a child develops, both mentally and physically
Woman age 35 and older have a higher change of giving birth to someone with condition
Heart murmurs, intestine, ear, breathing problems (sleep apnea), eye problems, underactive thyroid, hypothyroidism

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30
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

additional X in males (XXY) (47)
Small testes that do not produce as much testosterone as usual
Imcomplete puberty, breast enlargement (gynecomastia), reduced facial and body hair, inability to have biological children (infertility)

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31
Q

Turner syndrome

A

When one normal X is present and the other is missing or altered (XO)
Early loss of ovarian function, no periods, no breasts, cannt have children, short and webbed neck, low set ears, low hairline at back of neck, short stature, swollen hands and feet at birth

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32
Q

Endometrium

A

inner lining of the uterus

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33
Q

cleavage

A

specific type of mitosis. during formation of zygote

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34
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells

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35
Q

Histology

A

looking at tissues or cells under the microscope

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36
Q

Pathologist

A

studies cells, tissues

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37
Q

Where is epithelial tissue found

A

Inner linings of blood vessels, interior of respiritory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems.
in hollow organs

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38
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A

Covering and lining epithelium. Keeps bacteria out

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39
Q

Layers of epithelial tissue

A

simple, stratifies, pseudostratified

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40
Q

Simple epithelium

A

Single layer of cells

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41
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

two or more layers of cells, protection

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42
Q

pseudostratified epithelium

A

appear to have mulitple layers

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43
Q

Squamous (shape)

A

irregular, thin

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44
Q

Squamous (function)

A

Allows for passage of substances rapidly (o2)

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45
Q

Cuboidal

A

as tall as they are wide, shaped like cubes or hexagons

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46
Q

Columnar

A

Taller than they are wide

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47
Q

Transitional (shape)

A

Can change shape. Can withstand stretching

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48
Q

Transitional (location)

A

Urinary system

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49
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

single layer of cells. Squamous shaped. Rapid diffusion in lungs

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50
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

two or more layers of cells. More durable (skin)

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51
Q

Types of stratified epithelium (2)

A

Keritinized and non keritinized

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52
Q

Keritinized

A

Contains the protein keratin. Found in superficial layers of skin

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53
Q

Nonkeritinized

A

Found in the mouth and esophagus

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54
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

Forms glands

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55
Q

Two types of glandular epithelium

A

Endocrine glands and exocrine glands

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56
Q

Endocrine glands

A

hormones. Go directly INto the blood stream

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57
Q

Exocrine glands

A

secrete product into ducts that empty onto the surfaces of the epithelium Examples are sudoriferous (sweat) glands, mucus, oil, earwax, digestive enzymes

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58
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A

Binds tissues together, supports and strengthens other body tissue, protects and insulates internal organs, energy reserves and immune responses, compartmentalize

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59
Q

Only type of connective tissue that is avascular

A

cartilage

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60
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

unique to connective tissue, material located between the cells.consists of two parts

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61
Q

Two parts of extracellular matrix

A

Fibers and ground substance

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62
Q

Types of fibers

A

Collagen, elastic, reticular (stroma)

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63
Q

Ground substance

A

Between cells and fibers

Fluid, semifluid, gelatinous of calcified

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64
Q

Stroma

A

Found in reticular fibers. Framework

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65
Q

Connective tissue cells

A

Fibroblasts, adipocytes, mast cells, white blood cells, macrophages, plasma cells

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66
Q

Fibroblasts

A

secrete fibers and components of ground substance

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67
Q

Adipocytes

A

(fat cells) store triglycerides (fat)

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68
Q

Mast cells

A

produce hystamine (allergic reactions)

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69
Q

White blood cells

A

immune response (neutrophil and eosinophils)

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70
Q

Macrophages

A

engulf bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis

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71
Q

Plasma cells

A

Secrete antibodies

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72
Q

Classification of connective tissues

A

Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone, liquid connective tissue

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73
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Areolar, adipose, reticular

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74
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

Dense regalr, dense irregular, elastic

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75
Q

Cartilage

A

Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage

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76
Q

Bone

A

compact and spongy

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77
Q

Liquid

A

Blood and lymph

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78
Q

About areolar (loose connective tissue)

A

fibers are arranged randomly, fibers are loosely arranged, most widely distributed in the body
Has all three types of fibers

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79
Q

About adipose (loose connective)

A

Good for insulation (protects organs, kidneys dropping with weight loss) and energy reserves
Contains adipocytes

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80
Q

About Reticular (loose connective)

A

Forms the stroma (framework)

Liver spleen and lymph nodes

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81
Q

About Dense regular connective tissue (dense connective tissue)

A

bundles of collagen fibers are regularly arranged in parallel patterns for strength
Tendons and most ligaments

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82
Q

About dense irregular connective tissue (dense connective tissue)

A

Collagen fibers are usually irregularly arranged

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83
Q

About Elastic connective tissue (dense connective tissue)

A

strong, can recoil to original shape after stretching

Lung tissues and arteries (stretching and coming back)

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84
Q

About Hyaline cartilage (cartilage)

A

Provides flexibility and support, reduces friction, most abundant in the body
Weakest of the three cartilages
Joints, stops bone on bone contact

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85
Q

About fibrocartilage (cartilage)

A

Strongest type of cartilage
Strength and rigidity
Found in intervertebral disk (between vertebrae)

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86
Q

About elastic cartilage (cartilage)

A

Maintains shape of certain structures (ear)

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87
Q

Compact bone (osseous, bone tissue)

A

basic unit is the osteon or haversian system

Concentric rings , go around in circles

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88
Q

Spongy bone (osseous, bone tissue)

A

lacks osteons, contains trabeculae instead

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89
Q

3 Types of muscular tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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90
Q

Skeletal: involuntary or voluntaary

A

Voluntary

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91
Q

Skeletal: with or without striations

A

with striations

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92
Q

Cardiac muscle, involuntary or voluntary

A

involuntary

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93
Q

does cardiac muscle have striations

A

yes

94
Q

what makes cardiac muscle unique

A

intercalated disks

95
Q

Smooth muscle tissue, involuntary or voluntary

A

involuntary (digestion)

96
Q

Smooth muscle tissue, striated or not

A

Not striated

97
Q

Location of smooth muscle tissue

A

walls of hollow structures. (blood vessels, stomach and intestines)

98
Q

What is nervous tissue made of

A

Neurons or nerve cells

99
Q

parts of a neuron

A

cell body (contains nucleus), dendrite, axon

100
Q

Neuroglia

A

support neurons

101
Q

Sjogrens syndrome

A 
Inflammation and destruction of exocrine glands (lacrimal glands, salivary glands) 
Dry mouth, eyes, nose, skin
More common in women 50-60
Auto immune
Eye drops, atrificial saliva
102
Q

Systemic Lupus Eeythematosus (SLE) (Lupus)

A

Chronic inflammatory disease of connective tissue
Butterfly rash, painful joints, fatigue, kidney, liver, spleen, lungs
Auto immune

103
Q

Marfan syndrome

A

Tall, thin, long toes, fingers, arms and legs
Abnormal development of connective tissue. Walls of large arteries affected (commonly aorta)
Aneorisms often formed in the aorta, will burst
Any age, common at college age

104
Q

The integumentary system

A

Skin and accesory structures including hair, nails, oil and sweat glands, and sensory receptors

105
Q

Dermatology

A

The medical specialty for the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the integumentary system

106
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

The skin

Largest organ by surface area and weight

107
Q

Average thickness of the skin

A

1-2mm

108
Q

Functions of the skin

A

thermoregulation, blood reservoir, protection, cutaneous sensations, synthesis of vitamin d, excretion and absorbtion

109
Q

Thermoregulation of skin

A

sweating if warm (blood vessels dialate), vessels constrict if cold

110
Q

Blood resevoir (skin)

A

blood under skin

111
Q

Protection (skin)

A

keratin, perspiration, slows growth of many microbes. Langerhans cells (immunity), melanin (protection from UV rays)

112
Q

Cutaneous sensations of the skin

A

touch things with skin

113
Q

Synthesis of vitamin D in skin

A

to absorb calcium

114
Q

Excretion and absorbtion

A

absorbs: acetone (nail polish), carbon tetrachloride (dry cleaning)
eliminates: water, salts, co2, ammonia, urea

115
Q

Layers of skin

A

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

116
Q

Epidermis

A

Outer, thinner layer

Stratified squamous epithelium

117
Q

Dermis

A

Inner thicker layer

Two layers: papillary and reticular

118
Q

Hypodermis (subcutaneous, SubQ)

A

Beneath the dermis

Attatches the skin to underlying tissues and organs

119
Q

What type of tissue is the epidermis composed of

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

120
Q

Cells in the epidermis

A

Keretinocytes, Melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells

121
Q

Keratinocytes

A

produce keratin and lamellar granules (produces a sealant to prevent too much water from going in or out)

122
Q

Melanocytes

A

produce melanin

123
Q

Langehans cells

A

immune response

124
Q

Merkel cells

A

sense of touch

125
Q

Layers of the epidermis (bottom to top)

A

stratum basal, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

126
Q

Stratum basal or stratum germativum

A

deepest layer of epidermis. basal cells (stem cells)

127
Q

Stratum lucidum Absent in ____ skin

A

absent in thin skin. Only in thick skin

128
Q

Startum corneum

A

Outermost (most superficial) layer
25-30 layers of dead keratinocytes
Protection
Between cells- material from lamellar granduales (produce sealant)

129
Q

Dermis layers

A

Papillary and reticular

130
Q

Papillary

A

outer layer

Dermal papillae- fingerlike structures

131
Q

Reticular region

A

deeper than the papillary region

132
Q

Keratinization

A

newly formed cells are pushed to the surface. Accumulate more keratin

133
Q

Dandruff

A

excessive amount of keratinocytes are shed from the surface

134
Q

Psorasis

A

often knees, elbows and scalp. Keratinocytes divide and move more quickly- are being shed prematurely
Get flakey areas

135
Q

Melanin

A

a yellow red or brown black pigment produced by melanocytes (located mostly in the epidermis)
The amount of melanin causes the skins color to vary

136
Q

Melanocytes

A

manufacture melanin from amino acid tyrocine

137
Q

Carotene

A

yellow orange pigment, accumulates in epidermis and fatty tissues of hypodermis (carrots, skin turns orange)

138
Q

nevus or mole

A

A benign localized growth of melanocytes

139
Q

Albinism

A

an inherited inability to produce melanin (sensitivity to sun in skin, eyes)

140
Q

Vitiligo

A

a condition in which there is a partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin

141
Q

Cyanotic

A

blue. lack of oxygen. nails, lips

142
Q

Jaundice

A

yellow skin and or sclera (white of the eyes). liver problem

143
Q

Erythema

A

redness. inflammation, infection, suburn (injury, infection, inflammation)

144
Q

Pallor

A

pale, loss of color. face, palms.

shock or emotional stress

145
Q

Functions of hair

A

protection
reduction of heat loss
sensing light touch

146
Q

Shaft

A

projects above the surface of the skin

147
Q

Root

A

penetrates into the dermis

148
Q

Arrector pili muscle

A

smooth muscle that pulls on the follicle. (hair standing on a cats back)

149
Q

Alopecia

A

partial or complete lack of hair

150
Q

Lanugo

A

covers the body of the fetus. falls off after birth usually

151
Q

Hirsutism

A

great amount of body hair. Possible tumor or adrenal gland, testes or ovaries

152
Q

Sebaceous (oil) glands

A

secretes an oily substance called sebum
Prevents dehydration of hair and skin
Inhibits growth of certain bacteria

153
Q

Sebum

A

antibacterial qualities, slows down bacterial growth

oily substance

154
Q

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands

A

Function to wash epidermal surface
Helps the body regulate body temperature- thermoregualtion
Two types: apocrine and merocrine sweat glands

155
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

Limited distribution (axillae, groin, nipples)
produce viscous secretion (thick)
Strongly influenced by hormones

156
Q

Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands

A

Found in most areas of the skin
Produce watery (thin) secretions with electrolytes
controlled primarily by nervous system
Important in thermoregulation and excretion
Some antibacterial action

157
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

in the external ear, produce wax (cerumen)
Specialized sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)
exocrine, go through duct

158
Q

Nails consist of…

A

free edge

transparent nail body with a whitish lunula at its base

159
Q

Types of skin cancer

A

Basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, melanma (malignant melanoma)

160
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

78% of all skin cancers
rarely metastasize (spread)
Locally invasive

161
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

A little more serious

about 20% of all skin cancers

162
Q

Melanoma (malignant melanoma)

A

deadly

spread very quickly

163
Q

Aging and the integrumentary system

A

wrinkling
decrease of skin immune responsiveness
dehydration and cracking of the skin
decreased sweat production
decreased number of functional melanocytes resulting in grey hair and atypical skin
pigmintation
Loss of subcuataneous fat (bruise easily)
General decerase in skin thickness
Increased susceptability to pathological conditions (less immune)(
growth of hair and nail decreases, nails may become brittle

164
Q

Rosacea

A

redness, tiny pimples, noticable blood vessels

Usually in the central area of the face

165
Q

Osseous tissue functions

A

Resevoir for calcuim (Ca) and phorphorus (P)

Blood cell production

166
Q

Red bone marrow produces:

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

167
Q

Where in the body does the red bone marrow produce blood cells

A

hip, ribs, breast bone (sternum), vertabrae, skull, end of arm and thigh

168
Q

Yellow bone marrow function

A

Triglyceride storage (stores fat cells)

169
Q

As we age _____ bone marrow turns to ______bone marrow

A

red turns to yellow

170
Q

Long bone

A

Longer than it is wide

171
Q

Parts of a long bone

A 
Diaphysis 
Epiphysis 
Articular cartilage 
Periosteum 
Medullary cavity 
Endosteum
172
Q

Diaphysis

A

main portion, body, shaft

173
Q

Epiphysis

A

end

174
Q

Articular catilage

A

covers the epiphysis (end), made of hyaline cartilage

175
Q

Periosteum

A

outer layer

176
Q

Medullary cavity

A

marrow cavity

177
Q

Endosteum

A

Inner, lines the internal bone facing the Medullary cavity

178
Q

Osteoblasts

A

bone building cells

179
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature bone cells

maintain metabolism of the bone

180
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Release enzymes that resorb (break down) bone (resorption)

Drugs for osteoperosis target these

181
Q

Matrix (%)

A

25% water
25% collagen fibers
50% crystallized mineral salts (calcium phosphate)

182
Q

A process called ________ is initiated by bone building cells called osteoblasts

A

calcification

183
Q

Mineral salts are deposited and crystalize in the framework formed by _________

A

collagen fibers of the extracellular matrix

184
Q

Bones ________ depends on collagen fibers

A

flexibility

185
Q

Tensile strength

A

resistence to being stretched, torn apart

From collagen

186
Q

Calcification of mineral cells results in ______

A

bone

187
Q

What supplies the periosteum and compact bone

A

Periosteal arteries and nerves

188
Q

The periosteum is rich in ________ sensitive to tearing or tension

A

sensory nerves

189
Q

Nurtient artery and foramen

A

Large artery and opening near the center of the diaphysis

190
Q

Repeating structural units in compact bone

A

Osteons or haversian system

191
Q

True or false, Spongy bone has osteons and haversian systems

A

False, they have trabeculae

192
Q

Central haversian canal

A

Only in compact bone

Around the center canals are concentric lamellae, like rings of a tree

193
Q

What is found between the lamellae and what is found inside of the things found between the lamellae

A

small spaces called lacunae which contain osteocytes

194
Q

What radiates from all dirctions of the lacunae and what is its function

A

Canaliculi- carry nutrients and oxygen, connect lacunae and different osteocytes, transportation

195
Q

True or false: spongy bone has osteons

A

False, they have trabeculae instead

196
Q

Where are the trabaculae found and why are they found there

A

Found along the lines of stress, helps bones resist stresses without breaking

197
Q

What do spaces between trabaculae do

A

Make the bone lighter

198
Q

What occurs in spongy bone

A

Hemopoiesis (blood cell production)

199
Q

Hormones that cause bone growth

A

estrogen and testosterone

200
Q

Location of thyroid

A

neck (anterior)

201
Q

Location of parathyroid

A

posterior part of the thyroid (4 tiny ones)

202
Q

Parathyroid glands
Secrete ______________
helps _______ the blood calcium levels

A 
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)(parathormone)
raise
203
Q

3 ways parathyroid hormone raises the blood calcium level

A

1) increases the activity of osteoclasts
2) acts on kidneys to decrease the loss of calcium in the urine
3) stimulates the formation of calcitriol

204
Q

What is calcitriol

A

active form of vitamin D

Holds on the calcium (absorbs)

205
Q

Thyroid gland
Secretes ________ which _______ activity of osteoclasts
Bone resorption is __________
This ________ blood calcium level

A

Calcitonin (CT)
inhibits
decreased
decreases

206
Q

What is the opposite of calcitonin

A

calcitriol

207
Q

Osteopenia

A

low bone mass

208
Q

Osteoperosis

what happens, who gets it most, diagnosis, treatment

A 
pourous bones 
fractures occur easily 
More common in women after menopause (less estrogen)
Diagnosis: bone mineral density test
treatment: medications
209
Q

Two types of medicines for osteoporosis

A

Biophosphonates
Estrogen replacement therapy
(both are antiresorptives)

210
Q

Biophosphonates

A

Fosomax
Actonel
Boniva

211
Q

Rickets

A

inadequate calcification of the extacellular matrix
In children
(bowed legs)

212
Q

Osteoartheritis

A

degeneration of articular cartilage (ends of bone)

bone on bone

213
Q

Osteomalacia

A

adult rickets

deformity of skull, ribcage, pelvis, sternum)

214
Q

Osteogenic sarcoma

A

bone cancer
usually develops in teens
occurs when teen is growing rapidly

215
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

infection of the bone. Staph aureus

serious, requires hospitalization

216
Q

Minerals involved with bone growth

A

calcium, flouride, phosphorus, magenese, magnesium

217
Q

Vitamins involved with bone growth and their functions

A

A: stimulates activity of osteoclasts
C: needed for synthesis of collagen
D: increaing absorption of calcium from food in the gastrointetsinal tract into the blood stream

218
Q

Open (compound) fracture

A

the broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin

219
Q

Closed (simple) fracture

A

does not break the skin

easiest to fix

220
Q

Commiunted fracture

A

bone is splintered, crushed or broken to pieces

hardest to fix

221
Q

Impacted fracture

A

one end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the other

222
Q

Stress fracture

A

a series of microscopic fissures in the bone (shin splintss, tibia)
from running on pavement

223
Q

The Diebcephalon extends from the _______ to the ________

What are the parts of it

A

brain stem to the cerebrum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

224
Q

Thalamus

  • Makes up 80% of the _______
  • Major relay station for most_________
A
  • Diencephalon

- sensory impulses

225
Q

Hypothalamus

  • size
  • very important in ______
  • controls many activities of the _______
A
  • small
  • homeostasis
  • ANS (autonomic nervous system) (ex: digestion)
226
Q

Epithalamus

-What gland does it contain and what does it secrete

A 
Pineal gland
Secretes melatonin (helps with sleep)
227
Q

Cerebrum

-seat of ______

A

Intelligence

228
Q

Whjat color matter is the Cerebral cortex made of and where is it (outer, middle, inner)

A

Gray matter

Outer

229
Q

What are Gyri in the Cerebrum

A

folds

230
Q

What are fissures in the Cerebrum

A

deep grooves between folds

231
Q

What are Sulci in the Cerebrum

A

shallow grooves between folds

232
Q

What is the longitudinal fissure in the cerebrum

A

most prominent fissure

separates the cerebrum into right and left halves called cerebral hemispheres

233
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

All Freshmen subjects (23 decks)

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