BIO044 (LAB) MOD 3 ANIMALS ORGANS & ORGAN SYSTEMS Flashcards by Kyle Jane Regulacion

It is considered a “dead science” as it has been do well-studied and recorded with very little change through time.

Anatomy

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It is a structure formed by a combination of 2 or more of the basic tissues, and are joined in a structural unit to serve a common function.

Organ

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It is composed of a main tissue called_______ which is unique for a specific organ and the functional part of the organ.

Parenchyma

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Mostly connective tissue that supports and forms the framework of an organ.

Stroma

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Based on appearance, an organ can either be:

• Tubular
• Parenchymatous

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Hollow organs with a canal (lumen) and a muscular wall

Tubular organs

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Examples of Tubular organs:

Intestines, stomach esophagus, ureters, trachea, oviducts,uterus, etc.

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Solid organs with the typical Parenchyma + stroma

Parenchymatous organs

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Examples of Parenchymatous organs:

Liver, kidneys, pancreas, brain, spleen.

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Organs that have functions that perform similar purposes (Digestion, Respiration, reproduction) are grouped into an:

Organ System

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Skeletal System General Functions:

• Support
• Movement
• Protection of certain vital organs
• Mineral Storage

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Particularly on land

Support

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Along with the muscular system

Movement

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(Eg. Calcium & phosphorus)

Mineral Storage

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The skeletal system is divided into 2 groups:

•Axial Skeleton
• Appendicular Skeleton

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Follow the axis of the body; skull, vertebrate (backbone), ribcage

Axial Skeleton

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Arms (shoulders, and collarbone, humerus, radius + ulna, carpals, metacarpals), legs (pelvis, femur, tibia + fibula, tarsals, metatarsal) , and digits (phalanges)

Appendicular Skeleton

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Muscular system General Functions:

• Movement
• Posture & Stability
• Communication
• Control of Body Temperature

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Each individual is a separate organ of the muscular system

•.Biceps
• triceps
• gastrocnemius

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Endocrine System General Function:

•Control of long term activities like growth, metabolism, reproduction, and development
• Production of hormones

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Nervous System General Functions:

• Coordination and control of all body activities
• Rapid responses to emergency situations

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The brain and the spinal cord

Central Nervous System

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The nerves and ganglia branching from the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral Nervous System

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Nerve cells of the PNS that are bringing information to the brain are called:

Sensory neurons

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Nerve cells that are taking information away from the brain out to muscles and glands are called:

Motor nerves

General Functions: Monitor the outside world and the internal environment to allow the body to respond quickly and effectively to any potential dangers or threats.

Sensory System

Convert light energy into nerve impulses

Photoreceptors

Convert various chemicals in air or water into nerve impulses

Chemoreceptors

Convert mechanical movements such as vibrations of air or water, pressure, and touch to nerve impulses.

Mechanoreceptors

Converts heat or cold into nerve impulses

Thermoreceptors

Circulatory system General Function:

Protects body from pathogens

The circulatory system consists of a muscular pump ______ and plumbing __________,___________,___________.

•The heart • arteries, capillaries, and veins

In birds and mammals, the heart is a double pump with two distinct circuits of blood flow:

• Pulmonary circuit • Systematic circuit

The heart first pumps blood to the _________ to pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide.

Lungs or gills

The oxygenated blood then returns to the heart and is pumped into the systematic circuit through_______.

Arteries

Are the microscopic vessels that are the actual sites of exchange of materials.

The capillaries

The deoxygenated blood will travel back to the heart via the ______ which will send it back to the lungs, where it receives oxygen again.

Veins

Digestive System General Functions:

•Physical and chemical digestion of food • absorption of released nutrients • collect & eliminate undigested wastes

In order, digestion starts off in the 1. _______ with the tongue, salivary glands, and teeth, then to the 2._________ to deliver food to the stomach.

1.Oral cavity 2. Esophagus

The. _______ breaks down food with gastric acids, then sends them into the 2._______ where 90% of absorption and digestion takes place.

1. Stomach 2. Small intestine

Mist of the water from ingested food is absorbed by the ________.

Large intestine (colon)

Indigestible waste products enter the __________ in the form of feces.

Rectum

Fecal matter leaves the body through the _________.

Anus

For detoxification

Liver

Which produces enzymes to break down fat.

Gall bladder

Produces digestive enzymes and converts food to sugar.

Pancreas

Respiratory system General Function:

•O2 and CO2 exchange between blood and air • speech and vocalization • sense of smell

Excretory/Urinary System General Functions:

• removal of metabolic wastes & toxins • elimination of excess nutrients & excess hormones

Filtering blood occurs in the:

Kidneys

Each kidney is a collection of 1000's of tiny, which processes small amounts of blood to extract metabolic wastes and excess nutrients.

Nephrons

Wastes and excess water then travels the ______.

Ureters

To be stored as urine in the_________.

Urinary bladder

Urine exits the bladder and out of the body through the _________.

Urethra

Reproductive System General Functions:

• producing germs/sex cells • production and support of offspring (females) • propagation of the species

The site of a female germ cell (called _______)

Ova

Production is in the _______.

Ovaries

Mature ova are released from the ovaries to the__________, where they wait to be fertilized by sperm.

Fallopian tube/ oviducts

Where the fertilized eggs grow and develop.

Uterus

When an offspring is about to be born, it passes through the 1._______(found at the "neck' of the uterus and normally forms a barrier between vagina and uterus, then to the 2.______, then out through the 3. _______.

1. Cervix 2. Vagina 3. Vulva (external genitalia)

The site of male germ cell called:

Spermatozoa/sperm

Production in male is in the:

Tested

Mature sperm leaves the testes through the:

Epididymis and vas deferens/sperm duct

Accessory male reproductive organs:

Seminal vasicles, bulbourethal glands, & prostate gland

During ejaculation, sperm is released through the_______. • It is a common opening for both semen and urine

Urethra

Male urethra is enclosed by the _______.

Penis

Skin surrounding the penis.

Prepuce

Skin covering the tested

Scrutom

Birds and reptiles have a ________, which is a common chamber of reproduction, digestion and excretion.

Cloaca