BIO044 (LAB) MOD 3 ANIMALS ORGANS & ORGAN SYSTEMS Flashcards
It is considered a “dead science” as it has been do well-studied and recorded with very little change through time.
Anatomy
It is a structure formed by a combination of 2 or more of the basic tissues, and are joined in a structural unit to serve a common function.
Organ
It is composed of a main tissue called_______ which is unique for a specific organ and the functional part of the organ.
Parenchyma
Mostly connective tissue that supports and forms the framework of an organ.
Stroma
Based on appearance, an organ can either be:
• Tubular
• Parenchymatous
Hollow organs with a canal (lumen) and a muscular wall
Tubular organs
Examples of Tubular organs:
Intestines, stomach esophagus, ureters, trachea, oviducts,uterus, etc.
Solid organs with the typical Parenchyma + stroma
Parenchymatous organs
Examples of Parenchymatous organs:
Liver, kidneys, pancreas, brain, spleen.
Organs that have functions that perform similar purposes (Digestion, Respiration, reproduction) are grouped into an:
Organ System
Skeletal System General Functions:
• Support
• Movement
• Protection of certain vital organs
• Mineral Storage
Particularly on land
Support
Along with the muscular system
Movement
(Eg. Calcium & phosphorus)
Mineral Storage
The skeletal system is divided into 2 groups:
•Axial Skeleton
• Appendicular Skeleton
Follow the axis of the body; skull, vertebrate (backbone), ribcage
Axial Skeleton
Arms (shoulders, and collarbone, humerus, radius + ulna, carpals, metacarpals), legs (pelvis, femur, tibia + fibula, tarsals, metatarsal) , and digits (phalanges)
Appendicular Skeleton
Muscular system General Functions:
• Movement
• Posture & Stability
• Communication
• Control of Body Temperature
Each individual is a separate organ of the muscular system
•.Biceps
• triceps
• gastrocnemius
Endocrine System General Function:
•Control of long term activities like growth, metabolism, reproduction, and development
• Production of hormones
Nervous System General Functions:
• Coordination and control of all body activities
• Rapid responses to emergency situations
The brain and the spinal cord
Central Nervous System
The nerves and ganglia branching from the brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral Nervous System
Nerve cells of the PNS that are bringing information to the brain are called:
Sensory neurons
Nerve cells that are taking information away from the brain out to muscles and glands are called:
Motor nerves
General Functions: Monitor the outside world and the internal environment to allow the body to respond quickly and effectively to any potential dangers or threats.
Sensory System
Convert light energy into nerve impulses
Photoreceptors
Convert various chemicals in air or water into nerve impulses
Chemoreceptors
Convert mechanical movements such as vibrations of air or water, pressure, and touch to nerve impulses.
Mechanoreceptors
Converts heat or cold into nerve impulses
Thermoreceptors
Circulatory system General Function:
Protects body from pathogens
The circulatory system consists of a muscular pump ______ and plumbing __________,___________,___________.
•The heart
• arteries, capillaries, and veins
In birds and mammals, the heart is a double pump with two distinct circuits of blood flow:
• Pulmonary circuit
• Systematic circuit
The heart first pumps blood to the _________ to pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
Lungs or gills
The oxygenated blood then returns to the heart and is pumped into the systematic circuit through_______.
Arteries
Are the microscopic vessels that are the actual sites of exchange of materials.
The capillaries
The deoxygenated blood will travel back to the heart via the ______ which will send it back to the lungs, where it receives oxygen again.
Veins
Digestive System General Functions:
•Physical and chemical digestion of food
• absorption of released nutrients
• collect & eliminate undigested wastes
In order, digestion starts off in the 1. _______ with the tongue, salivary glands, and teeth, then to the 2._________ to deliver food to the stomach.
1.Oral cavity
2. Esophagus
The. _______ breaks down food with gastric acids, then sends them into the 2._______ where 90% of absorption and digestion takes place.
- Stomach
- Small intestine
Mist of the water from ingested food is absorbed by the ________.
Large intestine (colon)
Indigestible waste products enter the __________ in the form of feces.
Rectum
Fecal matter leaves the body through the _________.
Anus
For detoxification
Liver
Which produces enzymes to break down fat.
Gall bladder
Produces digestive enzymes and converts food to sugar.
Pancreas
Respiratory system General Function:
•O2 and CO2 exchange between blood and air
• speech and vocalization
• sense of smell
Excretory/Urinary System General Functions:
• removal of metabolic wastes & toxins
• elimination of excess nutrients & excess hormones
Filtering blood occurs in the:
Kidneys
Each kidney is a collection of 1000’s of tiny, which processes small amounts of blood to extract metabolic wastes and excess nutrients.
Nephrons
Wastes and excess water then travels the ______.
Ureters
To be stored as urine in the_________.
Urinary bladder
Urine exits the bladder and out of the body through the _________.
Urethra
Reproductive System General Functions:
• producing germs/sex cells
• production and support of offspring (females)
• propagation of the species
The site of a female germ cell (called _______)
Ova
Production is in the _______.
Ovaries
Mature ova are released from the ovaries to the__________, where they wait to be fertilized by sperm.
Fallopian tube/ oviducts
Where the fertilized eggs grow and develop.
Uterus
When an offspring is about to be born, it passes through the 1._______(found at the “neck’ of the uterus and normally forms a barrier between vagina and uterus, then to the 2.______, then out through the 3. _______.
- Cervix
- Vagina
- Vulva (external genitalia)
The site of male germ cell called:
Spermatozoa/sperm
Production in male is in the:
Tested
Mature sperm leaves the testes through the:
Epididymis and vas deferens/sperm duct
Accessory male reproductive organs:
Seminal vasicles, bulbourethal glands, & prostate gland
During ejaculation, sperm is released through the_______.
• It is a common opening for both semen and urine
Urethra
Male urethra is enclosed by the _______.
Penis
Skin surrounding the penis.
Prepuce
Skin covering the tested
Scrutom
Birds and reptiles have a ________, which is a common chamber of reproduction, digestion and excretion.
Cloaca
