BIO044 (LAB) MOD 1 Flashcards
Is a branch of biology that focuses on the study of the structure of organisms in both internal and external parts?
ANATOMY
Is a form of scientific terminology used by anatomists, zoologists, and health professionals.
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
Anatomical terminology terms uses or were derived from words?
LATIN & GREEK
(Anatomical terminology )These terms uses or were derived from Latin and Greek words, and they highlight the________, as well as________.
*Relative location of body structures
*Directional planes
This refers to the direction of the normal position of an animal.
STANDARD ANATOMICAL POSITION
It is easy in animals with a _______/_______ because you can follow the axis of the spine.
BACKBONE/VERTEBRATE
For humans, the standard anatomical position is?
VERTICAL/ERECT/UPRIGHT
(4,-legged) animals
TETRAPOD
Tetrapod (4-legged) animals ex. Dog) the standard anatomical position is?
HORIZONTAL
Human
BIPEDAL
Dog
QUADRIPEDAL
The aspects of the body and anatomical directions will always refer to the________?
(Ex. If a man will lie down on the floor, the standard anatomical position will still be vertical).
NORMAL POSITION
Even is that animal has a vertebrate or is an invertebrate (ex. A caterpillar will always be ________ even if it crawls up a wall, because it’s normal position is horizontal).
HORIZONTAL
The head end; the direction toward the head. (In animals)
CEPHALIC/ CRANIAL/ ANTERIOR
The head end; the direction toward the head. (In humans)
SUPERIOR
The tail end; the direction toward the tail
CAUDAL / POSTERIOR
In humans, the direction toward the foot
INFERIOR
The upper side (for horizontal animals)
DORSAL
The back (for humans)
POSTERIOR
The front (for humans)
ANTERIOR
The underside (for horizontal animals)
VENTRAL
The sides
LATERAL
The left side lateral , ______.
SINISTRAL
The right side lateral, ______.
DEXTRAL
The middle
MEDIAN
Describe a position that is closer to the median of the body or near a major point of reference.
(Ex. My elbow is more proximal to my shoulder than my fingers)
PROXIMAL
Describe a position that is further from a median of the body or away from a major point reference.
(Ex. My toes are more distal to my hips than my knee)
DISTAL
A position that is towards the hand/forepaw from the median.
PALMER
A position that is towards the foot/hindpaw from the median.
PLANTER
A position that is towards the nose
ROSTRAL
Are used to indicate directions between 2 or 3 of the cardinal directions.
OBLIQUE DIRECTIONS
Refers to direction between the anterior and dorsal direction.
ANTERIODORSAL
Between the posterior, dorsal, and lateral directions.
POSTERO-DORSOLATERAL
Are hypothetical planes used to transect or divide the body.
ANATOMICAL PLANES
Three principle planes used in anatomy:
- SAGITTAL/ MEDIAN PLANE
- FRONTAL/ CORONAL PLANE
- TRANSVERSE PLANE/ CROSS SECTION
Divides the body into left and right sides
SAGITTAL/ MEDIAN PLANE
The sagdittal plane is directly on the median line of the body , dividing the body into equal left and right sides.
MIDSAGITTAL
The sagittal plane is not on the median line, but is parallel to it. The body is divided into unequal left and right sides.
PARASAGITTAL
Divides the body into front and back/ dorsal and ventral sides.
FRONTAL/ CORONAL PLANE
Divides the body into cranial and caudal parts (superior or inferior parts); or any plane that cuts vertically across the body at right angles to the sagittal plane.
TRANSVERSE PLANE/ CROSS SECTION
Why do you think different animals come in different forms?
Different animals come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes, some may have many limbs/ appendages and some have none.
different animals come in different forms is:
Based solely on their revolution, as they had to evolve to adapt accordingly to their habitat and their lifestyles, especially when it comes to finding food.
Form of symmetry (Amoeba)
ASSYMETRY
Form of symmetry (Volvox)
(SPHERICAL UNIVERSAL)
Form of symmetry (Hydra)
RADIAL
Form of symmetry (Man)
BILATERAL
Which is the arrangement of their parts in relation to planes and straight lines.
SYMMETRY
4 known symmetries found in the animal kingdom:
- Asymmetrical
- Spherical
- Radial
- Bilateral
No symmetry, no definite form, or the body cannot be divided by planes into similar
parts.
Asymmetrical
Most of the directional terms are meaningless
Asymmetrical
but “proximal”
and “distal” are sometimes used.
Asymmetrical
some protozoans (like the amoeba), some sponges
Asymmetrical
Ball-like; can be divided into 2 similar parts by a cut in any direction through the center
Spherical Symmetry
Very rare animal form and actually disadvantageous.
Spherical Symmetry
a few protozoan (like Volvox)
Spherical Symmetry
A number of planes can be drawn through the center, dividing the body into many equal parts.
Radial Symmetry
The animal possesses a number of similar parts (called
______), which radiate
out from a central axis.
antimeres
This form is best suited to sessile (fixed in one area) animals, and they can used there
antimeres to obtain food or repel enemies surrounding it.
Radial Symmetry
Directional terms like “lateral”, “dorsal”, and “ventral” have no meaning
Radial Symmetry
terms “proximal” and “distal” can be applied to the appendages (like
the tentacles).
Radial Symmetry
Refers to the center axis of the organism
Central
Refers to the side of the radial animal where the mouth is located.
Oral side
Refers to the side of the radial animal opposite to the oral side.
Aboral side
Some sponges, Cnidarians (jellyfishes, hydras, sea anemones), and adult
Echinoderms (sea urchins, starfishes)
Radial Symmetry
There is only one plane through which the body can be divided into 2 equal parts.
Bilateral Symmetry
The animal is so well-constructed that some organs are also arranged in pairs on either
side of the axis.
Bilateral Symmetry
Types of symmetry that are the only ones that display cephalization, or they possess a head
which contain the chief nervous organ and main sense organs.
Bilateral Symmetry
the most successful animals living at present time.
Bilateral Symmetry
The repetition of structural
subunits when the body is composed of more or less similar parts.
Metamerism
(each subunit/part is called:
metamere or segment
segment). The best and perfect example of a metameric animal is?
earthworm
Animals that are divided into unequal segments/metameres
heteronomous segmentation
“homo” means=
same
(“hetero” means=
different
To the degree of similarity, as in position or structure, and that may indicate a common origin.
Homologous segmentations
