BIO044 (LAB) MOD 1 Flashcards by Kyle Jane Regulacion

Is a branch of biology that focuses on the study of the structure of organisms in both internal and external parts?

ANATOMY

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Is a form of scientific terminology used by anatomists, zoologists, and health professionals.

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY

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Anatomical terminology terms uses or were derived from words?

LATIN & GREEK

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(Anatomical terminology )These terms uses or were derived from Latin and Greek words, and they highlight the________, as well as________.

*Relative location of body structures
*Directional planes

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This refers to the direction of the normal position of an animal.

STANDARD ANATOMICAL POSITION

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It is easy in animals with a _______/_______ because you can follow the axis of the spine.

BACKBONE/VERTEBRATE

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For humans, the standard anatomical position is?

VERTICAL/ERECT/UPRIGHT

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(4,-legged) animals

TETRAPOD

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Tetrapod (4-legged) animals ex. Dog) the standard anatomical position is?

HORIZONTAL

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Human

BIPEDAL

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Dog

QUADRIPEDAL

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The aspects of the body and anatomical directions will always refer to the________?
(Ex. If a man will lie down on the floor, the standard anatomical position will still be vertical).

NORMAL POSITION

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Even is that animal has a vertebrate or is an invertebrate (ex. A caterpillar will always be ________ even if it crawls up a wall, because it’s normal position is horizontal).

HORIZONTAL

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The head end; the direction toward the head. (In animals)

CEPHALIC/ CRANIAL/ ANTERIOR

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The head end; the direction toward the head. (In humans)

SUPERIOR

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The tail end; the direction toward the tail

CAUDAL / POSTERIOR

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In humans, the direction toward the foot

INFERIOR

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The upper side (for horizontal animals)

DORSAL

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The back (for humans)

POSTERIOR

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The front (for humans)

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The underside (for horizontal animals)

VENTRAL

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The sides

LATERAL

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The left side lateral , ______.

SINISTRAL

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The right side lateral, ______.

DEXTRAL

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The middle

MEDIAN

Describe a position that is closer to the median of the body or near a major point of reference. (Ex. My elbow is more proximal to my shoulder than my fingers)

PROXIMAL

Describe a position that is further from a median of the body or away from a major point reference. (Ex. My toes are more distal to my hips than my knee)

DISTAL

A position that is towards the hand/forepaw from the median.

PALMER

A position that is towards the foot/hindpaw from the median.

PLANTER

A position that is towards the nose

ROSTRAL

Are used to indicate directions between 2 or 3 of the cardinal directions.

OBLIQUE DIRECTIONS

Refers to direction between the anterior and dorsal direction.

ANTERIODORSAL

Between the posterior, dorsal, and lateral directions.

POSTERO-DORSOLATERAL

Are hypothetical planes used to transect or divide the body.

ANATOMICAL PLANES

Three principle planes used in anatomy:

* SAGITTAL/ MEDIAN PLANE * FRONTAL/ CORONAL PLANE * TRANSVERSE PLANE/ CROSS SECTION

Divides the body into left and right sides

SAGITTAL/ MEDIAN PLANE

The sagdittal plane is directly on the median line of the body , dividing the body into equal left and right sides.

MIDSAGITTAL

The sagittal plane is not on the median line, but is parallel to it. The body is divided into unequal left and right sides.

PARASAGITTAL

Divides the body into front and back/ dorsal and ventral sides.

FRONTAL/ CORONAL PLANE

Divides the body into cranial and caudal parts (superior or inferior parts); or any plane that cuts vertically across the body at right angles to the sagittal plane.

TRANSVERSE PLANE/ CROSS SECTION

Why do you think different animals come in different forms?

Different animals come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes, some may have many limbs/ appendages and some have none.

different animals come in different forms is:

Based solely on their revolution, as they had to evolve to adapt accordingly to their habitat and their lifestyles, especially when it comes to finding food.

Form of symmetry (Amoeba)

ASSYMETRY

Form of symmetry (Volvox)

(SPHERICAL UNIVERSAL)

Form of symmetry (Hydra)

RADIAL

Form of symmetry (Man)

BILATERAL

Which is the arrangement of their parts in relation to planes and straight lines.

SYMMETRY

4 known symmetries found in the animal kingdom:

* Asymmetrical * Spherical * Radial * Bilateral

No symmetry, no definite form, or the body cannot be divided by planes into similar parts.

Asymmetrical

Most of the directional terms are meaningless

Asymmetrical

but “proximal” and “distal” are sometimes used.

Asymmetrical

some protozoans (like the amoeba), some sponges

Asymmetrical

Ball-like; can be divided into 2 similar parts by a cut in any direction through the center

Spherical Symmetry

Very rare animal form and actually disadvantageous.

Spherical Symmetry

a few protozoan (like Volvox)

Spherical Symmetry

A number of planes can be drawn through the center, dividing the body into many equal parts.

Radial Symmetry

The animal possesses a number of similar parts (called ______), which radiate out from a central axis.

antimeres

This form is best suited to sessile (fixed in one area) animals, and they can used there antimeres to obtain food or repel enemies surrounding it.

Radial Symmetry

Directional terms like “lateral”, “dorsal”, and “ventral” have no meaning

Radial Symmetry

terms “proximal” and “distal” can be applied to the appendages (like the tentacles).

Radial Symmetry

Refers to the center axis of the organism

Central

Refers to the side of the radial animal where the mouth is located.

Oral side

Refers to the side of the radial animal opposite to the oral side.

Aboral side

Some sponges, Cnidarians (jellyfishes, hydras, sea anemones), and adult Echinoderms (sea urchins, starfishes)

Radial Symmetry

There is only one plane through which the body can be divided into 2 equal parts.

Bilateral Symmetry

The animal is so well-constructed that some organs are also arranged in pairs on either side of the axis.

Bilateral Symmetry

Types of symmetry that are the only ones that display cephalization, or they possess a head which contain the chief nervous organ and main sense organs.

Bilateral Symmetry

the most successful animals living at present time.

Bilateral Symmetry

The repetition of structural subunits when the body is composed of more or less similar parts.

Metamerism

(each subunit/part is called:

metamere or segment

segment). The best and perfect example of a metameric animal is?

earthworm

Animals that are divided into unequal segments/metameres

heteronomous segmentation

"homo" means=

same

(“hetero” means=

different

To the degree of similarity, as in position or structure, and that may indicate a common origin.

Homologous segmentations