Bio Unit 1.1

Question 1

4 Main Elements

Answer 1

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Question 2

Organic chemistry is the study of…

Answer 2

carbon chemistry

Question 3

Carbon forms strong covalent bonds because…

Answer 3

It has 4 electrons in the outer shell

Question 4

Monomer and Polymers

Answer 4

Single molecule and lots of molecule joined together (larger molecule)

Question 5

Valency

Answer 5

Number of electrons until full outer shell (e.g Carbon 4)

Question 6

Ionic Bonding

Answer 6

Atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve full outer shell of electrons

Question 7

Atoms giving away electrons become

Answer 7

Positively charged

Question 7

Atoms receiving electrons become

Answer 7

Negatively charged

Question 8

Hydrogen bonding

Answer 8

Attractive force/interaction between positive hydrogen atom (already bonded to another negative atom) and a negative atom.

Question 9

Covalent bonding

Answer 9

Atoms share electrons so both have full outer shell (can have single or double bonds)

Question 10

Hydrogen bonds are weak because…

Answer 10

No sharing of electrons, just attractive but large numbers of them within atom of polymer help stabilise molecule

Question 11

Iron (Fe2+)

Answer 11

constituent of haemoglobin (transports o2 in red blood cells), lack of iron leads to anaemia

Question 11

Importance of Inorganic Ions

Answer 11

cellular processes (muscle contraction, nerve coordination, maintaining water potential in cells and blood)

Question 11

Magnesium (Mg2+)

Answer 11

constituent for chlorophyll, essential for photosynthesis, plants without Mg cannot make chlorophyll (yellow leaves),bone strength in mammals

Question 12

Phosphate Ions (PO4^3)

Answer 12

used for making nucleotides, constituent of phospholipids found in biological membranes

Question 13

Calcium (Ca2+)

Answer 13

important structural component of bones and teeth, component of plant cell walls (provides strength.)

Question 13

Water Importance

Answer 13

Metabolic reactions, constituent of cells (70% each human is water)

Question 14

Inorganic Meaning

Answer 14

A molecule/ion that has no more than one carbon atom

Question 15

Dipole (Water Molecule)

Answer 15

Positively charged (H2) and negatively charged (o2) with no overall charge

Question 16

Hydrogen bonds are weak but large number of them present in water makes the molecules difficult to…

Answer 16

separate and gives water many properties

Question 16

Hydrogen bonds usually form between

Answer 16

Hydrogen atom and oxygen atom of different molecules

Question 16

Molecule with separate charges is…

Answer 16

polar

Question 17

High Specific Heat Capacity (raise temp by 1 degrees/1g)

Answer 17

H2 bonds between H20 molecules restrict movement, prevents large fluctuation in water temoerature, large amount of heat needed to raise temp
Useful: keeps aquatic habitats stable, animals don’t have to adapt to extreme conditions, enzymes in cells can work efficiently

Question 17

Metabolite

Answer 17

Used in biochemical reactions as a reactant, reactions in body involve hydrolysis (water splits into a molecule)
E.g. maltose+water = glucose+glucose

Question 18

Universal Solvent

Answer 18

Water molecules are dipoles and attract charged particles (ions) and other polar molecules like glucose.
Useful: transport medium (animals, plants, xylem, phloem)

Question 19

High Latent Heat Of Vaporisation

Answer 19

Lots of heat needed to change from liquid to vapour, important in temperature control
Useful: Sweat evaporation, cooling body temp

Question 20

Cohesion

Answer 20

Water molecules attract each other forming H2 bonds, bonds stick together in a lattice
Useful: Allows water to travel up in capillaries, xylem, etc.

Question 21

High Surface Tension

Answer 21

cohesion between water provides surface tension, at ordinary temperatures water has highest tension excluding mercury
Useful: ‘skin’ layer created, insects can live on top of surface

Question 22

High Density

Answer 22

Water is denser than air, ice denser than water (H2 bonds hold molecules further apart than they are in liquid)
Useful: ice floats, good insulator, prevents large bodies of water to lose heat, freezes completely (organisms survive underneath)

Question 23

Transparency

Answer 23

Photosynthesis for aquatic plants (light passes through)

Question 24

Basic Unit of Carbohydrates

Answer 24

Monosaccharide

Question 25

General Formula

Answer 25

(CH20)n - names determined on number of carbons in molecule

Question 26

glucose is a … sugar

Answer 26

hexose

Question 27

how many isomers does glucose have

Answer 27

2 (beta and alpha)

Question 28

Structure based on ‘OH’ and ‘H’ positions

Answer 28

Alpha, H on top
Beta, OH on top and alternating

Question 29

Hexose sugar formula

Answer 29

C6H12o6