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Biology > Bio Unit 1.1 > Flashcards

Bio Unit 1.1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 Main Elements

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

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2
Q

Organic chemistry is the study of…

A

carbon chemistry

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3
Q

Carbon forms strong covalent bonds because…

A

It has 4 electrons in the outer shell

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4
Q

Monomer and Polymers

A

Single molecule and lots of molecule joined together (larger molecule)

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5
Q

Valency

A

Number of electrons until full outer shell (e.g Carbon 4)

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6
Q

Ionic Bonding

A

Atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve full outer shell of electrons

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7
Q

Atoms giving away electrons become

A

Positively charged

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7
Q

Atoms receiving electrons become

A

Negatively charged

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8
Q

Hydrogen bonding

A

Attractive force/interaction between positive hydrogen atom (already bonded to another negative atom) and a negative atom.

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9
Q

Covalent bonding

A

Atoms share electrons so both have full outer shell (can have single or double bonds)

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10
Q

Hydrogen bonds are weak because…

A

No sharing of electrons, just attractive but large numbers of them within atom of polymer help stabilise molecule

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11
Q

Iron (Fe2+)

A

constituent of haemoglobin (transports o2 in red blood cells), lack of iron leads to anaemia

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11
Q

Importance of Inorganic Ions

A

cellular processes (muscle contraction, nerve coordination, maintaining water potential in cells and blood)

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11
Q

Magnesium (Mg2+)

A

constituent for chlorophyll, essential for photosynthesis, plants without Mg cannot make chlorophyll (yellow leaves),bone strength in mammals

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12
Q

Phosphate Ions (PO4^3)

A

used for making nucleotides, constituent of phospholipids found in biological membranes

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13
Q

Calcium (Ca2+)

A

important structural component of bones and teeth, component of plant cell walls (provides strength.)

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13
Q

Water Importance

A

Metabolic reactions, constituent of cells (70% each human is water)

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14
Q

Inorganic Meaning

A

A molecule/ion that has no more than one carbon atom

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15
Q

Dipole (Water Molecule)

A

Positively charged (H2) and negatively charged (o2) with no overall charge

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16
Q

Hydrogen bonds are weak but large number of them present in water makes the molecules difficult to…

A

separate and gives water many properties

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16
Q

Hydrogen bonds usually form between

A

Hydrogen atom and oxygen atom of different molecules

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16
Q

Molecule with separate charges is…

A

polar

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17
Q

High Specific Heat Capacity (raise temp by 1 degrees/1g)

A

H2 bonds between H20 molecules restrict movement, prevents large fluctuation in water temoerature, large amount of heat needed to raise temp
Useful: keeps aquatic habitats stable, animals don’t have to adapt to extreme conditions, enzymes in cells can work efficiently

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17
Q

Metabolite

A

Used in biochemical reactions as a reactant, reactions in body involve hydrolysis (water splits into a molecule)
E.g. maltose+water = glucose+glucose

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18
Q

Universal Solvent

A

Water molecules are dipoles and attract charged particles (ions) and other polar molecules like glucose.
Useful: transport medium (animals, plants, xylem, phloem)

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19
Q

High Latent Heat Of Vaporisation

A

Lots of heat needed to change from liquid to vapour, important in temperature control
Useful: Sweat evaporation, cooling body temp

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20
Q

Cohesion

A

Water molecules attract each other forming H2 bonds, bonds stick together in a lattice
Useful: Allows water to travel up in capillaries, xylem, etc.

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21
Q

High Surface Tension

A

cohesion between water provides surface tension, at ordinary temperatures water has highest tension excluding mercury
Useful: ‘skin’ layer created, insects can live on top of surface

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22
Q

High Density

A

Water is denser than air, ice denser than water (H2 bonds hold molecules further apart than they are in liquid)
Useful: ice floats, good insulator, prevents large bodies of water to lose heat, freezes completely (organisms survive underneath)

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23
Q

Transparency

A

Photosynthesis for aquatic plants (light passes through)

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24
Q

Basic Unit of Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharide

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25
Q

General Formula

A

(CH20)n - names determined on number of carbons in molecule

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26
Q

glucose is a … sugar

A

hexose

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27
Q

how many isomers does glucose have

A

2 (beta and alpha)

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28
Q

Structure based on ‘OH’ and ‘H’ positions

A

Alpha, H on top
Beta, OH on top and alternating

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29
Q

Hexose sugar formula

A

C6H12o6

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30
Q

2 Monosaccharides is…

A

Disaccharide

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31
Q

Multiple monosaccharides are…

A

Polysaccharides

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32
Q

What determines the names of monosaccharides

A

Number of carbon atoms in the molecule

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33
Q

How are monosaccharides a source of energy for respiration?

A

C-H and C-C bonds are broken to release energy, transferred to make ATP

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34
Q

How are monosaccharides building blocks for larger molecules?

A

Glucose used to make polysaccharides like starch, cellulose and chitin

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35
Q

How are monosaccharides intermediates in reactions?

A

E.g. triodes are intermediates in reactions of respiration and photosynthesis

36
Q

Monosaccharides in deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA is a …

A

constituent of nucleotides

36
Q

How are disaccharides composed with two monosaccharides?

A

Formation of a glycosidic bond and elimination of water (condensation reaction)

37
Q

What carbons is a glycosidic bond between?

A

C1 and C4 (1-4 glycosidic bond)

37
Q

Opposite of glycosidic bond that makes water?

A

Hydrolysis Bond

38
Q

Glucose + Glucose =

A

Maltose (germination of seeds)

39
Q

Glucose + Galactose =

A

Lactose (mammalian milk)

40
Q

Glucose + Fructose =

A

Sucrose (transport in phloem of flowering plants)

41
Q

What are reducing sugars?

A

Sugars that can donate an electron

42
Q

What detects reducing sugars in a solution? How does it do this?

A

Benedict’s Solution. Donated electron reduces copper ions in copper sulphate solution (blue.) Copper(11) ions are reduced to Copper (1) ions in red copper oxide.

43
Q

Test for Sugars Instructions:

A

Equal volumes heated to at least 70 degrees. Solution change from blue through green, yellow, orange and finally brick red. Qualitative test - does not tell you concentration of reducing sugar.

44
Q

How do you use sucrase to detect sglucose?

A

Enzyme that hydrolyses sucrose into glucose and fructose - Benedicsts test positive

45
Q

Quantitative Measurement for Glucose?

A

Biosensor (monitoring diabetes useful)

46
Q

Why are the polysaccharides starch and glycogen more suitable than glucose in storage in plants?

A

Insoluble so they have no osmotic effect, cannot diffuse out of cell, compact molecules (stored in small space), carry a lot of energy in C-H and C-C bonds

47
Q

What is starch made out of?

A

Alpha glucose molecules bonded together in 2 different ways forming amylose and amylopectin

48
Q

What is amylose?

A

Linear, unbranched molecule with glycosidic alpha bonds. Coils into helix

49
Q

What is amylopectin?

A

Chains of glucose monomers (glycosidic 1-4 and 1-6 bonds) and first inside amylose.

50
Q

Individual cellulose molecule

A

Long chain of beta glucose units joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds to make straight, unbranched chain ( rotates adjacent glucose molecules 180 degrees)

50
Q

Main storage product in humans?

A

Glycogen (very similar to amylopectin) - 1-4 and 1-6 bonds but shorter chains so more branched

51
Q

Hydrogen bonds in cellulose

A

Forms between OH groups of adjacent parallel chains (contributing to cellulose structural ability) Tightly linked H2 bonds form bundle called microfibril.

52
Q

Where is chitin found?

A

Exoskeletons of insects and fungal cell walls

53
Q

Bonds in Triglycerides

A

Fatty acids to glycerol by condensation reactions forming ester bonds

53
Q

Monomers in chitin?

A

Rotated 180 degrees and long parallel chains are cross linked to each other by H2 bonds forming microfibrils

54
Q

Lipids Contents

A

Non polar compounds and are insoluble in water but dissolve in organic solvents, such as propane and alcohols

55
Q

Triglycerides

A

one glyercyol and three fatty acids

55
Q

If one C C double bond is present

A

Mono saturated

55
Q

Phospholipid Molecules Properties

A

One end is soluble and the other is not (phosphate is hydrophilic and fatty acids are hydrophobic)

56
Q

If hydrocarbon chain has single carbon bonds

A

Fatty acid is saturated

56
Q

Many C C double bonds present

A

Polyunsaturated

57
Q

Triglycerides Functions

A

Energy reserves, thermal insulation, protection, metabolic water

58
Q

Phospholipids Function

A

Structural and electrical insulation

59
Q

Waxes Function

A

Waterproofing (waxes reduces water loss e.g cuticle)

60
Q

Test for Fats and Oils

A

Ethanol, Dissolves any lipids present, Shaken with equal volume of water, Dissolved lipids form emulsion and sample becomes cloudy white

61
Q

High levels of unsaturated fats…

A

More HDL, carries harmful fats away to liver for disposal, lower risk of CVD or coronary heart disease

62
Q

High levels of saturated fats in diet can…

A

LDL build up, atheroma deposited in coronary arteries, restricting blood flow and o2 delivered to heart, heart attack

63
Q

Proteins contain

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen AND Nitrogen

63
Q

Proteins are made of monomers called….

A

amino acids

64
Q

Attached to central carbon in each amino acid are:

A

amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, R group

64
Q

Chains of amino acids are called

A

polypeptides

65
Q

Amino group reacts with carboxyl group which eliminates water in…

A

A condensation reaction forming a peptide bond (resulting compound dipeptide.)

66
Q

Primary Structure

A

Order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Polypeptides have up to 20 different amino acids, joined together in any number, order. Primary structure determined by base sequence on one strand of DNA molecule.

67
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Hydrogen bonding between =O on OH groups and -H on -NH groups in peptide bonds along the chain, twisted 3D shape, spiral shape is alpha helix, beta pleated sheet

68
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

Not functional, may combine with polypeptide chain or join to form complex molecules like haemoglobin.

68
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulphide bonds, hydrophobic bonds, complex and compact 3D structure

69
Q

Testing for starch presence

A

Iodine solution (iodine dissolved in potassium iodid) turns solution orange-brown to blue-black

70
Q

How is glycogen similar but different to amylopectin?

A

Same structure but shorter 1-4 lengths, branches more often

71
Q

Where are starch and glycogen found as storage?

A

Plants and animals

72
Q

Microfibres held in bundles are called…

A

Fibres

73
Q

Why is cellulose freely permeable?

A

Spaces between fibres allow water and its solutes to penetrate cell wall to cell membrane

74
Q

How is chitin different from cellulose?

A

groups derived from amino acids are added (heteropolysaccharide) making it strong, waterproof and lightweight

75
Q

What bonds are microfibrils bonded by?

A

Hydrogen Bonds

76
Q

Fibrous Proteins Shape

A

Long, thin molecule and insoluble in water

77
Q

What does the role of proteins depend on?

A

Molecule shape

78
Q

What is the function of fibrous proteins?

A

Structural (e.g in bone)

79
Q

Why are fibrous proteins tough?

A

Polypeptides in parallel chains, cross linkages from long fibres (keratin in hair)

80
Q

Collagen Structure

A

3 polypeptide chains twisted around each other like a rope and linked by hydrogen bonds (very stable)

81
Q

Globular Protein Shape

A

compact, folded into spherical molecules

82
Q

Why do globular proteins have so many different functions?

A

Soluble in water (enzymes, antibodies, hormones)

83
Q

Haemoglobin Structure

A

4 folded polypeptide chains and ham (iron containing group ) in centre of each molecule

84
Q

Test For Protein using Biuret

A

Add drops of biuret reagent (sodium hydroxide and copper(11) sulphate)

85
Q

Why does positive Biuret Solution turn purple?

A

Makes copper hydroxide which is blue, copper hydroxide interacts with peptide bonds in protein which are purple. Blue to purple.

86
Q

What kind of test in Biuret testing?

A

Qualititative (can be semi-quantitative if you use colorimeter with yellow filter - gives you estimated concentration of protein?

87
Q

How can you make Biuret Test quantitative?

A

Biosensor

Biology (3 decks)

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